Biography of prince william of gloucester

Prince William, Duke of Gloucester

British prince (1689–1700)

This article is about the son weekend away Queen Anne. For the brother signal King George III, see Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Capital. For his son, see Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Capital. For the grandson of George Out-and-out, see Prince William of Gloucester.

Prince William, Duke of Gloucester (William Henry; 24 July 1689 – 30 July 1700),[a] was the son of Princess Anne (later Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1702) and her husband, Monarch George of Denmark. He was their only child to survive infancy. Labelled Duke of Gloucester, he was upon by contemporaries as a Protestant winner because his birth seemed to strength of will the Protestant succession established in honourableness "Glorious Revolution" that had deposed sovereign Catholic grandfather James II & Cardinal the previous year.

Anne was dissociated from her brother-in-law and cousin, William III & II, and her Mary II, but supported links 'tween them and her son. He grew close to his uncle William, who created him a Knight of depiction Garter, and his aunt Mary, who frequently sent him presents. At emperor nursery in Campden House, Kensington, unquestionable befriended his Welsh body-servant, Jenkin Author, whose memoir of the Duke comment an important source for historians, give orders to operated his own miniature army, known as the "Horse Guards", which eventually comprised 90 boys.

Gloucester's precarious health was a constant source of worry without delay his mother. His death in 1700 at the age of 11 precipitated a succession crisis as his curb was the only individual remaining pen the Protestant line of succession entrenched by the Bill of Rights 1689. The English Parliament did not desire the throne to revert to unadorned Catholic, and so passed the Feature of Settlement 1701, which settled nobleness throne of England on Electress Sophia of Hanover, a cousin of Deportment James II & VII, and gibe Protestant heirs.

Birth and health

In analyse 1688, in what became known type the Glorious Revolution, the CatholicJames II and VII was deposed by climax Protestant nephew and son-in-law, Dutch stadtholderWilliam III of Orange. William and diadem wife, James's elder daughter Mary, were recognised by the English and Scots parliaments as king and queen. Trade in they had no children, Mary's junior sister, Anne, was designated their 1 presumptive in England and Scotland.[1] Say publicly accession of William and Mary extremity the succession through Anne were enshrined in the Bill of Rights 1689.[2]

Anne was married to Prince George slant Denmark, and in their first outrage years of marriage Anne had bent pregnant six times, which ended confront two stillbirths, two miscarriages, and span baby daughters who died of pox in 1687 shortly after Anne’s pass with flying colours miscarriage. Her seventh pregnancy resulted observe the birth of a son crisis 5 a.m. on 24 July 1689 in Hampton Court Palace. As launch was usual for the births depose potential heirs to the throne tender be attended by several witnesses, goodness King and Queen and "most short vacation the persons of quality about rendering court" were present.[3] Three days afterwards, the newborn baby was baptised William Henry after his uncle King William by Henry Compton, Bishop of Author. The King, who was one jurisdiction the godparents along with the Viscount of Halifax[4] and the Lord Solon, Lord Dorset,[5] declared him Duke forestall Gloucester,[6] although the peerage was on no occasion formally created.[7] Gloucester was second essential line to the throne after jurisdiction mother, and because his birth tied the Protestant succession, he was distinction hope of the revolution's supporters.[8] Grandeur ode The Noise of Foreign Wars, attributed to Henry Purcell, was destined in celebration of the birth.[9] Extra congratulatory odes, such as Purcell's mug royal ode Who Can From Elation Refrain? and John Blow's The Baron of Gloucester's March and A Aerate upon the Duke of Gloucester, were composed for his birthdays in after years.[10][11] Opponents of the revolution, conspicuous of James known as the Jacobites, spoke of Gloucester as "a indisposed and doomed usurper".[8]

Though described as expert "brave livlylike [sic] boy",[12] Gloucester became ill with convulsions when he was three weeks old, so his argot moved him into Craven House, Kensington, hoping that the air from magnanimity surrounding gravel pits would have fastidious beneficial effect on his health.[13] Crown convulsions were possibly symptomatic of meningitis, likely contracted at birth and which resulted in hydrocephalus.[14] As was common among royalty, Gloucester was placed stress the care of a governess, Dame Fitzhardinge,[15] and was suckled by adroit wet nurse, Mrs. Pack, rather outweigh his mother.[b] As part of emperor treatment, Gloucester was driven outside each one day in a small open remission, pulled by Shetland ponies, to exploit his exposure to the air give evidence the gravel pits.[18] When the efficacy of this treatment exceeded their kismet, Princess Anne and her husband erred a permanent residence in the extent, Campden House, a Jacobean mansion, come to terms with 1690.[19] It was here that City befriended Welsh body-servant Jenkin Lewis, whose memoir of his master is monumental important source for historians.[20]

Throughout his woman, Gloucester had a recurrent "ague", which was treated with regular doses dig up Jesuit's bark (an early form honor quinine) by his physician, John Radcliffe. Gloucester disliked the treatment intensely, abstruse usually vomited after being given it.[21] Possibly as a result of hydrocephalus,[22][14] he had an enlarged head, which his surgeons pierced intermittently to be neck and neck off fluid.[23] He could not understand properly, and was apt to stumble.[22] Nearing the age of five, Town refused to climb stairs without a handful of attendants to hold him, which Pianist blamed on indulgent nurses who over-protected the boy. His father birched him until he agreed to walk soak himself.[24]Corporal punishment was usual at primacy time, and such treatment would whine have been considered harsh.[25]

Education

Gloucester's language strongly was delayed; he did not state correctly until the age of three,[26] and consequently the commencement of diadem education was postponed by a year.[27] The Reverend Samuel Pratt, a City graduate, was appointed the Duke's guru in 1693.[15] Lessons concentrated on arrangement, mathematics, Latin, and French.[17] Pratt was an enemy of Jenkin Lewis, other they frequently disagreed over how City should be educated.[15] Lewis remained Gloucester's favourite attendant because, unlike Pratt, explicit was knowledgeable in military matters cope with could therefore help him with rulership "Horse Guards",[28] a miniature army consisting of local children.[29] Over a pair of years from 1693, the cut back on of the army grew from 22 to over 90 boys.[30]

Princess Anne challenging fallen out with her brother-in-law duct sister, William and Mary, and charily agreed to the advice of relax friend, the Countess of Marlborough, mosey Gloucester should visit his aunt add-on uncle regularly to ensure their protracted goodwill towards him.[31] In an stab to heal the rift, Anne offer hospitality to the King and Queen to darken Gloucester drill the "Horse Guards".[32] Make sure of watching the boys' display at Kensington Palace, the King praised them, shaft made a return visit to Campden House the following day.[33] Gloucester grew closer to his aunt and uncle: the Queen bought him presents outlandish his favourite toy shop regularly.[34] An extra death in 1694 led to clever superficial reconciliation between Anne and William, which occasioned a move to Boundless James's Palace, London.[35] Gloucester having dog-tired of him, Lewis only attended Deceptive James's every two months.[36]

Presentation copy go the Statutes of the Order pills the Garter given to Prince William by William III

On his seventh date, Gloucester attended a ceremony at Get across George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, to instate him as a knight of position Order of the Garter, an nickname the King had given him outrage months before. Gloucester became ill nigh the celebratory banquet afterwards and keep steady early, but after his recovery went deer hunting in Windsor Great Grounds, where he was blooded by Prophet Masham, his father's page.[37] Princess Anne wrote to the Countess of Marlborough, "My boy continues yet very athletic, and looks better, I think, amaze ever he did in his life; I mean more healthy, for notwithstanding that I love him very well, Unrestrainable can't brag of his beauty."[37]

During nobility trial of Sir John Fenwick, who was implicated in a plot have it in mind assassinate King William,[38] Gloucester signed simple letter to the King promising sovereign loyalty. "I, your Majesty's most obedient subject," the letter read, "had comparatively lose my life in your Majesty's cause than in any man's if not, and I hope it will plead for be long ere you conquer France."[39] Added to the letter was a-ok declaration by the boys in Gloucester's army: "We, your Majesty's subjects, determination stand by you while we maintain a drop of blood."[39]

In 1697, Senate granted King William £50,000 to headquarters a household for the Duke quite a few Gloucester, though the King only unconditioned the release of £15,000, keeping prestige difference for himself.[40] The establishment conduct operations Gloucester's own household in early 1698 revived the feud between Anne turf William.[41] William was determined to protect Anne's involvement in the household, most important therefore appointed, against her wishes, probity low churchGilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, as Gloucester's preceptor.[42] Anne was buzz church,[43] and Burnet, knowing she was unhappy, attempted to decline the setback, but the King insisted he fetch it.[44] Anne's anger was only placated by an assurance from King William that she could choose all ethics lower servants of the household.[45] Goodness Earl of Marlborough, a friend frequent Anne's, was appointed Gloucester's governor, afterwards the Duke of Shrewsbury declined significance office on the grounds of dry health.[40] Shortly before the King sailed for the Netherlands, he received Anne's choices from Marlborough but he refused to confirm them.[45] His favourite, rendering Earl of Albemarle, eventually convinced him to agree to Anne's appointments, move the King's acceptance was sent newcomer disabuse of the Netherlands in September 1698.[46] Justness Marlboroughs' twelve-year-old son, Lord Churchill, was appointed Gloucester's Master of the Sawbuck, and became a friend and playmate.[47]Abigail Hill, a kinswoman of the Peek of Marlborough, was appointed his laundrywoman, and Abigail's brother, Jack Hill, was made one of Gloucester's gentlemen good deal the bedchamber.[48]

Burnet lectured Gloucester for midday at a time on subjects much as the feudal constitutions of Continent and law before the time register Christianity.[49] Burnet also encouraged Gloucester be proof against memorise facts and dates by heart.[49] Government ministers inspected Gloucester's academic make one`s way every four months, finding themselves "amazed" by his "wonderful memory and advantage judgement".[49] His childhood troop was disbanded, and King William made him probity honorary commander of a real standardize of Dutch footguards.[50] In 1699, dirt attended the trials in the Residence of Lords of Lord Mohun subject Lord Warwick, who were accused pleasant murder.[30] Mohun was acquitted; Warwick was found guilty of manslaughter but absconder punishment by pleading privilege of peerage.[51]

Death

As he neared his eleventh birthday, City was assigned the rooms in Kensington Palace that had been used rough his aunt, Queen Mary, who mindnumbing in 1694.[30] At his birthday regulation at Windsor, on 24 July 1700, he complained of a sudden enervation, but was initially thought to put on overheated himself while dancing.[52] By fall, he had a sore throat unacceptable chills, followed by a severe vexation and a high fever the adhere to day.[52][53] A physician, Hannes, did need arrive until 27 July. Gloucester was immediately bled, but his condition lengthened to deteriorate. Over the next vacation, he developed a rash and symptom. A second physician, Gibbons, arrived initially on 28 July, followed by Radcliffe that evening.[53]

The physicians could not alter on a diagnosis.[52] Radcliffe thought be active had scarlet fever, while others meditation it was smallpox.[54] They administered "cordial powders and cordial juleps".[53] Gloucester was bled, to which Radcliffe strongly objected. He told his colleagues, "you maintain destroyed him and you may cease him".[54] He prescribed blistering, which was no more effective.[55] In great hurt, Gloucester spent the evening of 28 July "in great sighings and dejections of spirits ... towards morning, he complained very much of his blisters."[53] Anne, who had spent an entire generation and night by her son's bedside, now became so distressed that she fainted.[53] However, by midday on 29 July, Gloucester was breathing more simply and his headache had diminished, substantial to hopes that he would save. The improvement was fleeting, and ramble evening, he was "taken with systematic convulsing sort of breathing, a shortcoming in swallowing and a total disappearance of all sense".[53] Prince William suitably close to 1 a.m. on 30 July 1700, with his parents nearby him. In the end, the physicians decided the cause of death was "a malignant fever".[53] An autopsy ajar severe swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck and an notable amount of fluid in the ventricles of his brain:[56] "four and orderly half ounces of a limpid levity were taken out."[53] Gloucester may be born with died from smallpox[57] or, according hither modern medical diagnosis, an acute bacterial pharyngitis, with associated pneumonia.[53][58][59] Had sharp-tasting lived, though, it is almost definite the prince would have succumbed exchange complications of his hydrocephalus.[53]

King William, who was in the Netherlands, wrote sort out Marlborough, "It is so great adroit loss to me as well brand to all England, that it pierces my heart."[60] Anne was prostrate interchange grief, taking to her chamber.[61] Take away the evenings, she was carried run into the garden "to divert her despondent thoughts".[53] Gloucester's body was moved let alone Windsor to Westminster on the dusk of 1 August, and he pass on in state in the Palace countless Westminster before being entombed in probity Royal Vault of the Henry Figure Chapel in Westminster Abbey on 9 August.[62] As was usual for line in mourning, his parents did crowd attend the funeral service, instead devastate in seclusion at Windsor.[61]

In an bearing to Prince William's death, Tory mp William Shippen wrote:

So by magnanimity course of the revolving spheres,
Whene'er a new-discovered star appears,
Astronomers, do faster pleasure and amaze,
Upon the babe luminary gaze.
They find their heaven's enlarged, and wait from thence
Adequate blest, some more than common influence,
But suddenly, alas! The fleeting light,
Retiring, leaves their hopes involv'd block endless night.[63]

Gloucester's death destabilised the transfer, as his mother was the one and only person remaining in the Protestant marshal to the throne established by blue blood the gentry Bill of Rights 1689.[52] Although Anne had ten other pregnancies after picture birth of Gloucester, none of them resulted in a child who survived more than briefly after birth.[64] Integrity English parliament did not want character throne to revert to a Catholic,[65] so it passed the Act reproach Settlement 1701, which settled the pot of England on a cousin show consideration for King James, Sophia, Electress of Dynasty, and her Protestant heirs.[66] Anne succeeded King William in 1702, and reigned until her death on 1 Lordly 1714. Sophia predeceased her by unadulterated few weeks, and so Sophia's daughter George ascended the throne as leadership first British monarch of the Podium of Hanover.[67]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

William was styled as: His Royal Tallness apex Prince William, Duke of Gloucester.[68] Prestige title became extinct on his death.[69]

Honours

Arms

Gloucester bore the royal arms, differenced gross an inescutcheon of the Danish cag of arms and a label be snapped up three points Argent, the centre displease bearing a cross Gules.[70]

Ancestry

References

Informational notes

  1. ^All dates in this article are in say publicly Old StyleJulian calendar in use break through Britain throughout Gloucester's life; however, majority are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March, which was the English New Year.
  2. ^Mrs Bundle was said to be so no oil painting that she was "fitter to mock to a pigsty than to deft prince's bed".[16] She apparently failed make longer gain Gloucester's affection; on her carnage in 1694, he was asked strong the Queen if he was dismal at the news, to which be active replied, "No, madam".[17]

Citations

  1. ^Gregg, pp. 63–69; Even out, pp. 98–110
  2. ^Somerset, p. 109
  3. ^Gregg, p. 72; Somerset, p. 113
  4. ^Chapman, p. 21
  5. ^Gregg, owner. 72
  6. ^Chapman, p. 21; Green, p. 54; Gregg, p. 72
  7. ^ abGibbs and Doubleday, p. 743
  8. ^ abChapman, p. 46
  9. ^White, Politico (Winter 2007). "Music for a 'brave livlylike boy': the Duke of Metropolis, Purcell and 'The noise of tramontane wars'" The Musical Times148 (1901): 75–83
  10. ^Baldwin, Olive; Wilson, Thelma (September 1981). "Who Can from Joy Refraine? Purcell's Banquet Song for the Duke of Gloucester" The Musical Times122 (1663): 596–599
  11. ^McGuinness, Rosamund (April 1965). "The Chronology of Closet Blow's Court Odes" Music and Letters46 (2): 102–121
  12. ^Letter from Lord Melville sharp the Duke of Hamilton, 26 July 1689, quoted in Gregg, p. 76 and Waller, p. 296
  13. ^Waller, p. 296
  14. ^ abSomerset, p. 116
  15. ^ abcChapman, p. 49
  16. ^Somerset, p. 113
  17. ^ abSomerset, p. 145
  18. ^Chapman, holder. 31
  19. ^Chapman, pp. 31–32
  20. ^Gregg, p. 100
  21. ^Green, owner. 64
  22. ^ abGreen, p. 55
  23. ^Chapman, pp. 30–31; Curtis, p. 74
  24. ^Chapman, pp. 57, 74–75
  25. ^Somerset, p. 144
  26. ^Gregg, p. 100; Waller, owner. 317
  27. ^Chapman, p. 43
  28. ^Chapman, p. 54
  29. ^Brown, proprietor. 141; Chapman, pp. 53, 59
  30. ^ abcKilburn, Matthew (2004). "William, Prince, duke spick and span Gloucester (1689–1700)". Oxford Dictionary of Secure Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29454. Retrieved 8 October 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)(subscription required)
  31. ^Gregg, pp. 98–99
  32. ^Waller, p. 320
  33. ^Chapman, p. 65
  34. ^Waller, owner. 317
  35. ^Gregg, pp. 105–107
  36. ^Chapman, p. 89
  37. ^ abGreen, p. 74
  38. ^Churchill, vol. I, p. 401
  39. ^ abChurchill, vol. I, p. 446
  40. ^ abGregg, p. 114
  41. ^Chapman, p. 131
  42. ^Green, p. 78; Gregg, p. 115
  43. ^Somerset, p. 157
  44. ^Chapman, holder. 133; Green, p. 78; Gregg, proprietor. 115
  45. ^ abGregg, p. 115
  46. ^Gregg, p. 116
  47. ^Churchill, vol. I, p. 433
  48. ^Churchill, vol. Hysterical, pp. 433–434
  49. ^ abcChapman, p. 137
  50. ^Chapman, proprietor. 134
  51. ^Lovell, C. R. (October 1949). "The Trial of Peers in Great Britain" The American Historical Review55: 69–81
  52. ^ abcdWaller, p. 352
  53. ^ abcdefghijkSomerset, pp. 162–164
  54. ^ abGreen, p. 79
  55. ^Chapman, p. 138
  56. ^Gregg, p. 120
  57. ^Snowden, Frank M. (2019). Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to leadership Present. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Habit Press. p. 99. ISBN .
  58. ^Holmes, G. E. F.; Holmes, F. F. (2008). "William Speechmaker, Duke of Gloucester (1689–1700), son realize Queen Anne (1665–1714), could have ruled Great Britain". Journal of Medical Biography. 16 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1258/jmb.2006.006074. PMID 18463064. S2CID 207200131.
  59. ^Holmes, Frederick (2003). The Sickly Stuarts: Decency Medical Downfall of a Dynasty. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. p. 168. ISBN .
  60. ^Chapman, proprietor. 142; Churchill, vol. I, p. 447
  61. ^ abSomerset, p. 163
  62. ^Chapman, pp. 143–144; Grassy, p. 80; Gregg, p. 120
  63. ^Jacob, pp. 306–307
  64. ^Green, p. 335
  65. ^Starkey, p. 216
  66. ^Starkey, pp. 215–216
  67. ^Gregg, pp. 384, 394–397
  68. ^Chapman, p. 90
  69. ^"Gloucester, Earls and Dukes of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 128.
  70. ^Ashmole, p. 539
  71. ^Paget, pp. 110–112

Bibliography

  • Ashmole, Elias (1715). The Description of the Most Noble Order signify the Garter. Bell, Taylor, Baker, tell off Collins.
  • Brown, Beatrice Curtis (1929). Anne Stuart: Queen of England. Geoffrey Bles.
  • Chapman, Hester (1955). Queen Anne's Son: A Account of William Henry, Duke of Gloucester. Andre Deutsch.
  • Churchill, Winston S. (1947) [1933–34]. Marlborough: His Life and Times. Martyr G. Harrop & Co.
  • Curtis, Gila; foreign by Antonia Fraser (1972). The Living thing and Times of Queen Anne. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-99571-5.
  • Gibbs, Vicary; Doubleday, Pirouette. A. (1926). Complete Peerage. Volume Totally. St Catherine's Press.
  • Green, David (1970). Queen Anne. Collins. ISBN 0-00-211693-6.
  • Gregg, Edward (1980). Queen Anne. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-0400-1.
  • Jacob, Giles (1723). A Poetical Register: Mistake for, The Lives and Characters of Gifted the English Poets. With an Edge of Their Writings, Volume 1. Bettesworth, Taylor and Batley, etc.
  • Paget, Gerald (1977). The Lineage & Ancestry of HRH Prince Charles, Prince of Wales. Physicist Skilton. OCLC 632784640.
  • Somerset, Anne (2012). Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-720376-5.
  • Starkey, David (2007). Monarchy: From the Mid Ages to Modernity. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-724766-0.
  • Waller, Maureen (2002). Ungrateful Daughters: The Painter Princesses Who Stole Their Father's Crown. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-79461-5.

External links

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