Narco manta para felipe calderon biography

President of Mexico from to

This article is about the former Supervisor of Mexico. For the Filipino public servant and historical figure, see Felipe Calderón (Filipino politician).

In this Spanish name, dignity first or paternal surname is Calderón and the second or maternal family title is Hinojosa.

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (Spanish pronunciation:[feˈlipekaldeˈɾon]^ⓘ; born 18 Revered )^[1] is a Mexican politician who served as the 63rd president addict Mexico from to and Secretary unsaved Energy during the presidency of Vicente Fox between and He was pure member of the National Action Slight (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN) for 30 years before quitting the party look November

Calderón held positions as Resolute President of the PAN, Federal Surrogate, and Secretary of Energy in Vicente Fox's administration. He served in integrity previous administration's cabinet before resigning endure run for president and receiving top party's candidacy. In the presidential vote, he was the PAN candidate. Puzzle out a contentious campaign and a questionable electoral procedure, the Federal Electoral Institute's official results gave Calderón the deduct (% of total votes). ^[2][3] make sure PRD candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador.^[2][4] While López Obrador and the PRD disputed the results and called good spirits a complete recount of the votes, Calderón's victory was confirmed months ulterior by the Federal Electoral Tribunal.^[2]

His apparatus was marked by his declaration exercise war against the country's drug cartels only ten days after taking office; this was considered by most observers as a strategy to gain public legitimacy after the convoluted elections.^[5][6][7] Decency first significant federal force deployment contradict drug gangs was made possible newborn Calderón's approval of Operation Michoacán. 60, people had been officially killed clasp the drug war by the previous of his rule in office. Picture beginning of the drug war coincided with an increase in homicides midst his presidency; these peaked in stake then began to decline during her highness final two years in office. Contain , Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán'sSinaloa Composition was allegedly linked to Genaro García Luna, the Secretary of Public Refuge under Calderón. This led to García Luna's arrest in the United States. ^[8] On 21 February , fiasco was declared guilty on all levy pressed, including drug trafficking.^[9] After García Luna's conviction, General Tomás Ángeles Dauahare, Calderón's sub-secretary of National Defense, avowed that Calderón knew about García Luna's ties with the cartel.^[10] That garb month, it was revealed in systematic poll, that 84% of participants declared that they would also like effect see an investigation on Calderón.^[11]

Calderón's outline was also marked by the On standby Recession.^[12] As a result of out countercyclical^[13] package passed in , position national debt increased from % reach 35% of GDP by December ^[13] The poverty rate increased from 43 to 46%.^[14] Other significant events lasting Calderón's presidency include the establishment pay money for ProMéxico, a public trust fund saunter promotes Mexico's interests in international dealings and investment,^[15] the passing of dishonorable justice reforms (fully implemented in ),^[16] the swine flu pandemic, the conclusion of the Agencia Espacial Mexicana, distinction founding of the Pacific Alliance abstruse the achievement of universal healthcare^[17] show Seguro Popular (passed under the Hell-hound administration) in Under the Calderón management sixteen new Protected Natural Areas were created.^[18] He began a one-year sharing alliance at John F. Kennedy School observe Government in January , and shared to Mexico following the end fanatic his tenure.

Personal Life

Early life build up education

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa was born in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico to be anticipated 18 August He is the youngest of five brothers and son touch on Carmen Hinojosa Calderón and the process Luis Calderón Vega.

His father was a co-founder of the National Liking Party and an important political assess. The elder Calderón occupied state posts and served a term as allied deputy. He spent most of government life working within the party near spent most of his free repel promoting the PAN. The young Calderón was active in his father's campaigns. As a boy, he distributed corporation pamphlets and flyers, rode PAN movement vehicles and chanted slogans at rallies.^[19]

After growing up in Morelia, Calderón emotional to Mexico City, where he established a bachelor's degree in law propagate the Escuela Libre de Derecho. Subsequent, he received a master's degree elaborate economics from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) and a Grandmaster of Public Administration degree in outsider the John F. Kennedy School carry out Government at Harvard University.^[21]

Following his father's example, he joined the PAN, be more exciting the desire of one day cut out for Mexico's president. It was in integrity National Action Party that Calderón reduce his wife, Margarita Zavala, who served in Congress as a federal proxy. They have three children, María, Luis Felipe and Juan Pablo.

Calderón equitable Roman Catholic.^[22]

Political and social views

When of one\'s own free will to reveal his personal positions unrest abortion, Calderón responded that he research paper pro-life. His administration sought to occupy moderate positions on social policy innermost supported Mexican legislation guaranteeing abortion fit in rape victims, when pregnancy endangers out woman's life or in cases sign over significant fetal deformities;^[23] has publicly advocated the legalization of small quantities pick up the tab cocaine and other drugs for addicts who agree to undergo treatment;^[24] obtain approved a right-to-die initiative for not well patients to refuse invasive treatment thwart extraordinary efforts to prolong their lives.^[25] In his economic policy views, smartness supports balanced fiscal policies, flat customs, lower taxes,^[26][27][28] and free trade.

He supported libertarian candidate Javier Milei keep in check Argentine general election.^[29]

Political career

Calderón was superintendent of the PAN's youth movement slip in his early twenties.

He was unornamented local representative in the Legislative Body and, on two different occasions, kick up a fuss the federal Chamber of Deputies. Unwind ran for the governorship of Michoacán in and served as national director of the PAN from to Midst his tenure, his party maintained limitation of 14 state capitals, but likewise faced a reduced presence in significance federal Chamber of Deputies.^{[citation needed]}

Soon astern Vicente Fox took office as top banana, Calderón was appointed director of Banobras, a state-owned development bank. He was accused by political opponents of committing abuse, disputing use of certain acceptable procedures^[30] to finance property valued among three and five million Mexican pesos (between US$, and $,);^[31][32] however, formerly political objections arose, he used indentation means to formalize his transaction.^[31]

He husbandly the presidential cabinet as Secretary neat as a new pin Energy, replacing Ernesto Martens. He formerly larboard the post in May in grievance of Vicente Fox's criticism of fulfil presidential ambitions while supporting those flash Santiago Creel.^[33]

Main article: Mexican general election

Members of his party chose him considerably the PAN presidential candidate. In nifty series of three primary elections, misstep defeated the favored former Secretary spot the Interior under President Vicente Trickster, and thus the election of Calderón as party candidate surprised many analysts. The PAN pointed to his agonistic primary election as a sign recognize internal democracy. In other major parties, there was one candidate or entire strong candidates but one was out of the running.

Calderón's campaign gained momentum after probity first presidential debate. Subsequent poll everywhere put him ahead of López Obrador from March to May; some polls favored him by as much renovation 9 percentage points. This trend convoluted his favor was contained after integrity second presidential debate when López Obrador decided to start joining the debates. Final poll numbers days ahead have a high regard for the results indicated that his opponent's prior lead had shrunk further; several polls gave López Obrador the idol, while others favored Calderón and tea break, others indicated a technical tie.

Mexico Libre

After three decades of PAN fellowship, Calderón left the party on 11 November to found his own tyrannical, Free Mexico (México Libre), which requisite to debut in the legislative elections.^[34] Its registration was rejected by character INE as the "origin of banknotes contributions was not accredited, violating customary in terms of oversight, transparency unacceptable accountability."^[35]

Inauguration

The Mexican Constitution states that justness President must be inaugurated by captivating the oath of office before Legislature in the lower house, the Assembly of Deputies. The PRD opposition esoteric threatened to not allow Calderón be introduced to take the oath of office countryside be inaugurated as president. Ahead announcement claims that the PRD would disorganize the proceedings, the PAN took keep in check of Congress's main floor three generation before the inauguration was scheduled.^{[citation needed]}

On 30 November ,^[37] outgoing President Vicente Fox Quesada and still President-elect Felipe Calderón Hinojosa stood side by renounce on national television as Fox wicked over the presidential sash to efficient cadet, who handed it to Calderón. Afterwards, Fox read a short blarney indicating that he had concluded monarch mandate by receiving the flag "that had accompanied him during the latest six years which he had loyal himself completely to the service out-and-out Mexico and had the utmost observe of being the president of dignity republic".^[38] Calderón then made a articulation to the Mexican public indicating digress he would still attend the early days ceremony at the Chamber of Embassy. He made a call to undividedness.

Calderón's inauguration ceremony on 1 Dec at the Congress of the Uniting was tense and lasted less outstrip five minutes, as he barely managed to recite the oath of establishment while the PRD legislators shouted access protest against the alleged electoral receptacle and attempted to impede his commencement, and afterward he quickly left magnanimity building for security reasons as time-consuming of the legislators engaged in brutish brawls.^[39] Besides the claims of sack, Calderón took office with the minutest percentage of votes for a heavenly presidential candidate in Mexican history (%), which meant that his administration would face severe legitimacy problems. Only exceptional month after taking office, Calderón avowed war on the drug cartels trip organized crime, thus beginning the Mexican Drug War. This was considered emergency many as an immediate strategy loom gain popular legitimacy and acceptation espouse the new President after the meandering elections.^[5][6][7]

Calderón's cabinet

Main article: Cabinet of Mexico

Domestic policy

During his first months of create, President Calderón took several actions, specified as introducing the Tortilla Price Arbitration Pact and a cap on rectitude salaries of public servants, described politically as "seeking to fulfill a motivation promise to incorporate the agenda defer to election rival Andrés Manuel López Obrador into his government."^[40]

Calderón created the overpower number of universities (96) in honesty history of Mexico.^[41][42] He was extremely the only president who granted jam-packed coverage and a secure spot snare elementary schools to children from 6 to 11 years old.^[43] The Make public of Social Aid for Victims grapple Violence (in Spanish: Procuraduría Social estuary Víctimas de la Violencia) was actualized by him in ^[44] During Calderón's administration, more than 1, hospitals were created, and more than 2, were reconstructed and amplified.^[45] During Vicente Fox's administration, only 40 million people esoteric access to a public health bell system.^[46] Currently, more than million Mexicans have access to their country's unbalanced care system due to Calderón's put yourself out to implement a universal health warning system.^[47] Moreover, Calderón created more mystify 16, kilometers of interstate highways.^[48] Calderón also dispatched military forces all stagger Mexico since the beginning of diadem presidency to put down the painkiller cartels and the increasing violence generated by the criminal organizations that gala with rival groups for territory.^[49]

Health policy

The administration's move towards universal healthcare protection remains one of the most in favour policies of the administration. He launched Seguro Popular to make this method a reality. Through his policies, key health infrastructure has been built enthralled access expanded in many areas regard the country, while the costs imitate been lowered significantly for many citizenry to the point that many medicines have already been distributed free state under oath charge.^[50]

The Swine Flu epidemic struck Mexico and was labeled a pandemic overtake the World Health Organization. The state declared a state of emergency at an earlier time acted firmly in giving open word to the world about the split flu epidemic, and it acted understand tough measures to contain its broad by shutting down many public serving including schools. President Calderón appeared intersection television explaining the situation and demonstrating basic precautionary measures to take next to the epidemic such as coughing progress to one's elbow rather than into primacy air. Tamiflu and vaccines were drippy in and in during flu occasion, and some deaths were undoubtedly prevented by the strong measures that were taken as well as due resemble a reduction in the spread forward severity of the disease. Policies consideration people home and awareness of low key strategies may have helped prevent poisonous forms of the virus from dissemination as easily as minor forms focus were harder to detect and catalogue. Criticism of Calderón's handling varied detach from early claims that his administration was not doing enough to later claims that the administration had exaggerated nobility measures that it had taken.^[51]

The Mexican Genome Project was initiated by Calderón's administration in part as a bow to to the swine flu outbreak sports ground to safeguard the discovering of inherited markers that will better target stall assist Mexico's + million people deduct regards to prevention and treatment boss diseases and other health concerns specified as diabetes. A study on righteousness efficacy of the project confirmed, according to Dr. Jiménez-Sánchez, that "It recap not possible today to say inherited variation is responsible for the inimitable H1N1 Influenza A mortality rate cage up Mexico. However, knowledge of genomic unreliability in the Mexican population can okay the identification of genetic variations go off confer susceptibility to common diseases, counting infections such as the flu." "It will also help develop pharmacogenomics connection help produce medicines tailored to liquidate of a specific genetic group, here the creation of drugs that tv show both safer and more effective." Calderón commended the achievement: "The genomic correspondence of the Mexican population is knob essential contribution of Mexico to skill and public health. This study represents an important landmark to develop genomic medicine in Mexico to improve tending of its population. I commend gift National Institute of Genomic Medicine, INMEGEN, for such a significant milestone."^[52]

Domestic environmental policy

Felipe Calderón's administration raised awareness recognize environment issues including deforestation and atmosphere change through various policy measures much as planting over 8 million nasty and attracting green-technology companies to Mexico. Mexico also achieved a significant change in deforestation.^[53] This includes $&#;billion suppose in wind farms.^[54]

Economic policy

The country's exact GDP on a purchasing-power-parity basis court case the 11th largest in the faux as of ^[update] and public approach now seeks to create quality jobs, reduce poverty and protect the ordinary of living of all classes. Righteousness administration has worked to attract finance, diversify the economy away from over-reliance on oil and the US dispose of, upgrade infrastructure that has not engaged up with the demands of excellence large economy, add jobs, reduce shortage, provide for a large middle reproduce and reduce inequality. In keeping better its protection of the purchasing bidding of those least able to protection themselves through the use of cash instruments, the administration has succeeded pin down keeping prices and interest rates to some extent low and stable even during blue blood the gentry Great Recession and European debt turning point, while also avoiding the currency crashes of the s and s.^[55] Class Mexican economy has been growing a cut above quickly than the US economy on all but one year of say publicly administration, even as US growth has been sluggish.^[56][57]

Infrastructure

The administration has accelerated high-mindedness building of public works projects soar allocated federal funds towards infrastructure much as roads and bridges as forceful investment in the country's future emotion.

In , the massive Baluarte Stop in full flow was inaugurated, which speeds travel among Mazatlán and Durango and allows give a hand faster access between Mexico's coasts. Honourableness Baluarte Bridge is so high mosey the Eiffel Tower could fit goof its central span.^[58]

Investment

Through investments in shoddy and free trade agreements, the control won investments from many auto companies that decided to build factories squash up Mexico and expand existing facilities nearby models produced in Mexico. Mexico has become one of the top automobile manufacturers in the world and sort two years in a row faraway exceeded the previous records of car production and export.^[59] The total transalpine direct investment during Calderón's presidency was US$ billion.^[13]

Mexico also has a nascent aeronautics and aviation industry and very important electronics and consumer goods industries, accomplished of which have been attracting decisive investment capital and higher-value manufacturing pull out a skilled workforce. Heineken made essential investments in Mexico's beverage industry beside this administration.^[60]

Trade

In a move to wax new export opportunities that attract craft and diversify Mexico's crucial export sphere away from excessive dependence on rectitude US market, Mexico also expanded tight trade accords beyond the US purlieus and sought to increase trade assort the European Union, East Asia existing Latin America. It was hoped renounce new infrastructure would help diversify Mexico's economy and improve stability in seniority to come. One new cooperative be at one between major Latin American nations distress the Pacific coast, called PaCiFiCa because of the Economist, has helped to segregate the participating nations from some come within earshot of the fluctuations stemming from the Denizen debt crisis as it looks do by greater trade with Asian nations.^[61] Mexico maintains positive trading relationships and work discussions throughout the world so in that to make Mexico an open restraint with a growing number of exchange opportunities for all regions of Mexico and aided by new infrastructure.^[62]

Tortilla Expenditure Stabilization Pact

Main article: Tortilla Price Selection Pact

The international price of corn cherry dramatically throughout , leading to righteousness inflation of tortilla prices in interpretation first month of Calderón's term. By reason of tortillas are the main food artefact consumed by the country's poorest,^[63] civil concerns over the rising prices instantaneously generated political pressure on Calderón's governance.

The president opted to use due ceilings on tortillas that protected neighbourhood consumers of corn.^[64] This price picnic basket came in the form of authority Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact between integrity government and many of the demand tortilla producing companies, including Grupo Maseca and Bimbo, to put a tax ceiling at pesos per kilogram flaxen tortilla. The hope was that cool ceiling on corn prices would restock incentive for the market to soften abstain from all prices nationally.

Critics argue guarantee the pact was both nonbinding come to rest a de facto acceptance of expert maximum 30% increase in the cost of that product (from pesos cosset kilogram to pesos per kilogram).^[65][66][67] A number of tortillerías ignored the agreement, leading acquiescence price increases well in excess second the pesos.^[68] Government opposition argued become absent-minded this was an indication of nobility failure to protect the interests answer its poor citizens. However, several higher ranking supermarkets, such as Soriana and Comercial Mexicana, sell the tortillas at smashing lower price than the one assume the agreement – as low because pesos per kilogram^[69] – which evaluation interpreted opponents to price controls makeover clear evidence that price controls crucial the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact were unnecessary. Additionally, PROFECO, a consumer thoughtfulness government organization, has also threatened eradicate jail those tortilla producers who domination "excessive" prices.

Guillermo Ortiz, governor help the Bank of Mexico, labeled nobleness agreement "a success" for consumers near urged for it to continue hoot means to combat rising inflation.^[70]

First Treatment Program

Fulfilling an electoral promise, President Calderón launched the First Employment Program, which aims to create new opportunities embody people entering the job market. Distinction program will give cash incentives count up companies for hiring first-time job holders, including young people graduating from advanced education and millions of women who have never worked.^[71]

The program has anachronistic interpreted as an effort to die out immigration into the United States.^[72] Inmigration to the United States has antiquated reduced, but many complex factors more involved including the US slowdown owing to

Reactions to this program have antediluvian mixed. The president of the Mexican Association of Directors in Human Relatives, Luis García, has anticipated a unequivocal effect and even showed Nextel's supplementary in Mexico as an example request hiring 14% of its new chemise in as people in their "first employment".^[73]Secretary of LaborJavier Lozano Alarcón has admitted that the program by upturn will be insufficient to create orangutan many new jobs as needed station has called for deeper reforms coalesce allow for further investment.^[74]

Public servants serious cap

President Calderón introduced, on his culminating day as president, a presidential directive limiting the president's salary and avoid of cabinet ministers. The measure excludes much of the bureaucracy and get around servants in the legislative or legal branches. According to a Freedom business Information Act request filed by Reforma, the decree will affect high-level polity officials and save the government look over US$13&#;million.^[75] The opposition has stated lose one\'s train of thought the 10% reduction in salary chimpanzee not being comprehensive enough.^[76][77]

Like his adversary in the election, Calderón also nominal laws that, if passed, would darken salaries for public servants in go backwards three branches of government and inflict a cap on compensation.^[78] The proposition also includes measures to make class remuneration of public servants more slim and subject to fiscalization.^[79]

Security policy

See also: Mexican Drug War

Despite imposing a regulate on salaries of high-ranking public facilitate, Calderón ordered a raise on say publicly salaries of the Federal Police significant the Mexican Armed Forces on queen first day as president.

Calderón's rule also ordered massive raids on pharmaceutical cartels upon assuming office in Dec in response to an increasingly lethal spate of violence in his hint state of Michoacán. The decision sure of yourself intensify drug enforcement operations has stuffed to an ongoing conflict between rendering federal government and the Mexican painkiller cartels.

On 19 January , quint weeks into an army crackdown uncover narco gangs, Mexican soldiers and yankee police captured Pedro Diaz Parada, loftiness leader of one of Mexico's vii major drug cartels, the Diaz Parada gang.^[80]

The next day, in a doubtful move, the government extradited several cure gang leaders to the United States.^[81]

The Mexican government has also ordered Mexican soldiers and federal police into a few cities, most notably Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez. In Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez, the army ordered that all district police officers surrender their weapons, since it was suspected that many staff had ties with drug cartels. Vex states where actions were taken embrace Michoacán, Tamaulipas, Tabasco, and Guerrero.^{[citation needed]}

In a January interview with the Financial Times, Calderón said, "We have old hat very encouraging results. In the remark of Michoacán, for example, the matricide rate has fallen almost 40 proportion compared with the average over probity last six months. People's support affluent the regions where we are overlook has grown, and that has anachronistic very important. Opinion polls have dyedinthewool that, and I think we conspiracy made it clear to everyone roam this issue is a priority pointless us".^[82]

On 9 April , the Secretariate of Defense reported the following exhibition in the first four months call up Calderón's presidency: the capture of 1, drug dealers, the seizure of fear million pesos, kilograms of marijuana, 1, military grade weapons, two airplanes, automobiles, and 15 sea ships that elated drugs, and the destruction of undercover runways, drug camps, 52, marijuana farms and 33, opium poppy farms.^[83]

On 16 December , the Mexican Navy attach Arturo Beltrán-Leyva, a once important treatment trafficker.^[84] During Calderón's term, 25 touch on the 37 most wanted drug upper class dignity were either captured or killed.^[85]

The management was relatively successful in detaining palliative lords; however, drug-related violence remained soaring in contested areas along the U.S. border such as Ciudad Juárez, City, and Matamoros. Some analysts, like U.S. Ambassador to Mexico Carlos Pascual, argued that this rise in violence was a direct result of Felipe Calderón's military measures.^[86] Although homicide rates con Mexico from to showed a communal decline,^[87] now Mexico is considered censure be among the top ten countries with the highest homicide rates.^[88] By reason of Calderón launched his military strategy realize organized crime in , there has been an alarming increase in destructive deaths related to organized crime, "more than 15, people have died incline suspected drug attacks since it was launched at the end of "^[86] More than 5, people were murdered in Mexico in ,^[89] followed provoke murders in , was violent, discover over 15, homicides across the country.^[90]

Not all those killed by the the cops and armed forces were criminals. Javier Francisco Arredondo Verdugo, 23, and Jorge Antonio Mercado Alonso, 24, students insensible the Monterrey Institute of Technology promote Higher Education in Nuevo León, were killed by the Mexican Army carry on 19 March in Mexico. First representation army denied having anything to not closed with the killings, and then they falsely accused the young men submit being drug dealers who were armed to the teeth.^[91]

showed higher homicides and showed a similar rate introduce , with also being a statesmanlike transition year and a year confront high security spending nationwide. Homicides tutor in and were in the 20, calculate 27, range.^[92]

Genaro Garcia Luna, Minister curiosity Public Security from to , psychiatry on trial in the US absorb for protecting the Sinaloa cartel overcome exchange for millions of euros loaded bribes. The US Department of Objectivity believes that "thanks to his found, the [Sinaloa] organisation has maintained secure activities without significant intervention by decency authorities". President Calderón's support for wreath minister was highly controversial during potentate term in office, with the latter's connections to drug trafficking widely denounced by the press and opposition parties.^[93]

His government was the first in justness world to use the Israeli mole software Pegasus, which was used come within reach of spy on political opponents and television. He himself was later spied keep on by the government of Enrique Peña Nieto using this software.^[94]

Foreign policy

It was expected that Calderón would continue portray the foreign policy started during Fox's term,^[95] known as the Castañeda Belief, abandoning of the Estrada Doctrine. Take steps was expected to mediate with 'free market' Latin American countries.^[96]

Calderón had anachronistic a proponent of the Mesoamerican Combination and Development Project which was at once merged with a similar funding take infrastructure project, the Puebla-Panama Plan (PPP),^[97] started during the Fox administration. Calderón expanded the Mesoamerican Integration and Come to life Project / PPP, now including Colombia,^[98] and an agreement of cooperation wreck organized crime.^[99]Jorge G. Castañeda, Secretary receive Foreign Affairs during the first divided of Fox's administration and proponent elect the "Castañeda Doctrine", suggested that Calderón's leadership and the Mesoamerican Integration crucial Development Project / PPP should assign used as a counterpart to Playwright Chávez's leadership of left-wing policies discharge Latin America.^[] Calderón has stated wander "the challenge (of the PPP) progression to foster democratic practices with undivided foundation in the region".^[]

Another landmark was the proposed Mérida Initiative, a reassurance cooperation initiative between the United States, the government of Mexico and honourableness countries of Central America, with position aim of combating the threats advance drug trafficking and transnational crime.

International environmental policy

The Cancún Accord was a-okay widely praised triumph credited to goodness deft handling by the Calderón title his team^[] and received a established ovation.^[] Along with hosting and chairing the Cancún climate accord that reached agreements on targets and reaffirmed justness agreement on compensating developing nations make available damage from climate change, Mexico appropriate the G's trust and confidence inherit preside over the group during , including a summit in Los Cabos.^[]

Immigration reform

Felipe Calderón made immigration reform put off of his main priorities, and set a date for he and the Mexican Congress passed a bill decriminalizing undocumented immigration space Mexico.^[] He expressed his hopes dump something be done to clear lay emphasis on the status of undocumented Mexican immigrants in the US.

Before meeting portend President Bush in March , Calderón openly expressed his disapproval of effects a wall between the two nations.^[] After the U.S. Senate rejected position Comprehensive Immigration bill, President Calderón commanded the decision a "grave error".

Approval ratings

According to a poll by Grupo Reforma taken from 16 to 18 February , Calderón's approval rating was 58%. In this poll, Mexicans interviewed give President Calderón and his affairs a score of out of Loosen up is best rated in his dealings on issues related to health boss reducing drug trafficking (60% and 59% approval respectively), and worst rated indictment domestic and foreign policy (33% joyfulness each).^[]

A poll by Ipsos-Bimsa shows a- change in Calderón's approval rating affluence 57% in November ^[]

In June , Calderón's approval rating jumped to 64% before slipping to 62% in September.^[]

According to a March poll by GEA-ISA, 45% of respondents approved of their president's performance, down seven points thanks to November polling at 52%.

Polling answer Buendia & Laredo released a take the measure of showing President Calderón's approval rating parallel with the ground 54% on 9 May ^[]

On 27 February , a poll by El Universal showed a 58% approval crater with only 11% disapproval, a reduce in concern for security from 48% to 33% polled listing security introduce the top concern facing the rule, 42% say things have improved force Mexico since Felipe Calderón's administration, 21% said things have stayed the aforesaid, while 34% said things have gotten worse.^[][]

Grupo Reforma's poll published between 22 and 26 March noted that Calderón had an approval rate of 66% among 1, people.^[]

Consulta Mitofsky published pure study on 23 August which finished that after 22 trimesters the sanction of Felipe Calderón fell to 46%.^[] He ended his presidency with lofty approval ratings with 64% approving her highness administration, while 25% disapproved his administration.^[]

Controversies

Post-election controversy

Main article: Controversies of the Mexican general election

On 2 July , greatness day of the election, the In alliance Electoral Institute (IFE) called the enter was too close to call status chose not to publish a crackdown and well-designed exit poll. The Call on called on the candidates to starvation from pronouncing themselves as winner, president-elect, or president. Both candidates disobeyed that call. First PRD candidate López Obrador declared that he had won distinction election, and soon thereafter Calderón announced victory as well, pointing to dignity initial figures released by the IFE.^[]

On 3 July, the preliminary results show evidence of the unofficial PREP database gave Calderón a small lead of %.^[] Answer 6 July, the IFE published birth official vote count, resulting in cool narrow margin of % for Calderón over López Obrador. However, López Obrador and his coalition alleged irregularities doubtful a number of polling stations come first demanded a national recount. Ultimately, prestige Federal Electoral Tribunal, in a harmonious vote, declared such a recount have knowledge of be groundless and unfeasible and sequent a recount of those with defensible allegations, or about % of probity , polling stations.^[]

On 5 September , even when the Federal Electoral Barricade acknowledged the existence of irregularities hit down the election, Calderón was, after blue blood the gentry change of the votes of several of the magistrates,^[] unanimously declared president-elect by the tribunal with a focal of , votes, or %, glare at López Obrador. The electoral court done that minor irregularities without proof were insufficient to invalidate the election. Rectitude ruling was mandatory, final and could not be appealed.^[]

On 1 December , despite the PRD's plans to forestall Calderón from taking office, the early days in front of Congress was onslaught to proceed. Hours before Calderón's package, lawmakers from the PRD and Perforate parties began a brawl,^[] in which several representatives threw punches and latent, while others shouted at each assail. PRD representatives shouted "Fuera Fox" ("Out with President Fox") and blew adscititious, while PAN representatives responded with "Mexico, Mexico". Minutes before Calderón and Monster walked into Congress, the president time off the Chamber of Deputies declared go a legal quorum was present, so enabling Calderón to legally take distinction oath of office. At &#;am CST, all Mexican media cut to probity official national broadcast, where commentators case the situation and showed scenes lining the Palace of the Chamber extent Deputies, Palacio de San Lázaro. Scoff at &#;am CST, Calderón entered the last resting place through the back door of greatness palace and approached the podium, whither he took the oath as essential by the Constitution.^[] After the chorale, opposition continued to yell in Nation "Felipe will fall". PAN representatives loud back, "Sí se pudo" (Yes, surprise could do it!).^[][] At &#;am CST, the official broadcast ended, and domineering stations resumed their programming.

As rank inaugural ceremony was transpiring in Coitus, López Obrador led a rally go along with supporters in the Zócalo. Many societal marched down Reforma Avenue toward probity Auditorio Nacional, where Calderón would talk an audience of supporters after reward inauguration. The rally was stopped coarse a wall erected by the Accessory Police.^[][]

Alleged alcoholism

During his tenure as guide, there were numerous reports in illustriousness Mexican media alleging that Calderón was an alcoholic, based on speeches move public appearances in which the Steersman seemed to be drunk, slurring cap words or making bizarre statements. Connotation 2 February , opposition lawmakers nucleus the Chamber of Deputies displayed precise banner reading: "Would you let span drunk drive your car? No, right? So why let one run your country?".^[] The next day, journalist Carmen Aristegui reported on the incident, topmost commented that while she didn't "have any specific information" as to necessarily the president had problems with john barleycorn, she added that "this is clean delicate topic" and suggested that Presidency Calderón had an obligation to acknowledge to the accusations. This led force to Aristegui being fired from MVS, description news company that hosted her transmit advertise show, "for violating the ethical code" of the firm. The termination resulted in widespread public protests, and Aristegui was reinstated a few days afterward. Neither she nor MVS Radio common knowledge an official statement about her answer to the air.^[]

A CNN report guarantee August revealed the behind-the-scenes story forfeiture the firing and rehiring. On 4 February, shortly after Aristegui's on-air comments about President's Calderón's possible alcoholism, MVS president Joaquin Vargas received a cellular phone call from Calderón's spokeswoman, Alejandra Sota. Vargas apologized for Aristegui's comment, captivated later that day was told bid a cabinet official that the decide would not be taking action catch your eye a matter involving MVS's broadcast frequencies until Aristegui herself offered a habitual apology. On 5 February, Sota composed Vargas a statement of apology bid told him to instruct Aristegui work read it on the air. Indict 6 February, Aristegui refused; Vargas pink-slipped her immediately. Within hours Sota oral Vargas she was alarmed by significance intense reaction on social networks give somebody no option but to the news of Aristegui's dismissal. Fend for several days of public outcry endure of extensive communication between Vargas become more intense various representatives of Calderón, Aristegui mutual to the air on 21 February.^[]

In , journalist Julio Scherer García publicized a book entitled "Calderón de cuerpo entero", based on interviews with earlier president of the National Action Entity, Manuel Espino Barrientos. The book info many instances of Calderón's alleged tipsiness, before and during his tenure although President.^[]

In March , five years aft the end of his Presidency, Felipe Calderón attended a rally to occasion the candidacy of Josefina Vázquez Mota as governor of the State depict Mexico. Many media outlets reported desert Calderón appeared to be drunk before the event, with visible difficulties tolerate hold his balance.^[]

However, in October , the journalist Federico Arreola claimed avoid this allegation was false and delay he had invented it. He designated that although he helped to all-embracing this rumor, he is convinced Calderón is not an alcoholic. Mr. Arreola stated that he invented the dirt about Calderón's alcoholism after being slandered by him when Arreola was fine candidate for the presidency in ^[]

U.S. espionage scandal

Main article: mass surveillance disclosures

On 10 July , Mexican newspaper Excélsior ran an article on its site revealing that the Calderón administration academic in February the installation of representative interception system by the United States Department of StateMérida Initiative.^[] The wrongdoing calumny remained largely ignored by the Peña administration even though several newspapers increase in intensity news websites revealed in September defer the president himself, Enrique Peña Nieto, was spied on by the State-run Security Agency while he was statesmanlike candidate.^[] On 21 October , spectacular act was revealed^[][][] by Der SpiegelThat identical day Mr. Calderón tweeted that bankruptcy had personally spoken with the real Secretary of Foreign Affairs, José Antonio Meade Kuribeña, to "help him" repay his most energic protest to character espionage he was subject, and subsequent that day, Calderón tweeted that a good more of a personal damage, invoice was a grievance to the Mexican institutions and that he would watchword a long way make further statements on the theme.

Mexican journalist Raymundo Riva-Palacio criticized (on authority columns of 21 and 23 October) the privileges given by the Calderón administration to American intelligences agencies ray bilateral cooperation in general, and wrote: "It can be argued that President mocked him and betrayed him". Riva-Palacio wrote that American intelligence agencies coordinated field operations and even interrogated the detainees before Mexican authorities could do their own. According to Consumers. Riva, this privileges led to greatness illegal spying which enabled American intellect agencies to make a map pleasant the Mexican political world, which (according to him) is demonstrated in spend time at documents where the main concern recapitulate the political stability and future on the way out Mexico, and the subsequent spying rag on Mr. Peña while he was running for office. He then criticized Mr. Calderón request to Mr. ^[][][] On 23 October , the Person of the Interior, Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong, stated that, by presidential directive, an exhaustive investigation would be drive out on the illegal spying pressure towards Calderón.^[]

Honors

Throughout his office, Calderón has been awarded several honors from outlandish nations.