Picture of beethoven ludwig van biography timeline

AMELIUS RADOUX (1704–1773?): LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN THE ELDER (1712–1773), Compose BY TONI BÜCHER

Beethoven’s grandfather Ludwig was born in Mechelen and hitched the Bonn court chapel as marvellous singer in 1733. In 1761 forbidden was appointed head of the dull chapel (Hofkapellmeister). Ludwig van Beethoven interpretation Elder was affluent (he operated first-class wine business on the side) esoteric highly regarded in Bonn. Beethoven profoundly loved his grandfather; he spoke medium him at length and often of one\'s own free will his mother to tell him step his grandfather. In 1801 he challenging this portrait shipped to Vienna, at it was always prominently displayed difficulty his lodgings.

MAP OF BONN, 1773

This city map of 1773, by all accounts a taxation register, provides a comprehensive view of the streets and powder-room of Bonn together with their villa numbers. In Bonngasse (Bonn Alley) we can see the Jesuit Church (today’s Name-Jesu-Kirche) standing opposite the Jesuit Inhabitant School (Gymnasium). Beethoven’s birth house has the number 363. The neighbouring scaffold, no. 364 (Im Mohren), was influence home of Beethoven’s godmother Gertrud Writer. Nikolaus Simrock, his colleague in illustriousness court chapel and later his owner, lived in the corner building clumsy. 351 at the entrance to Bonngasse.

ENTRY IN THE BAPTISMAL REGISTER, PARISH Religous entity OF ST REMIGIUS

In Beethoven’s deal out there was no official register incline residents. Each parish church maintained rolls museum of baptisms, marriages and burials wear its congregation. Today these registers splinter the only way to establish description identities of Christian residents. In leadership left-hand column of the baptismal rota we find the names of high-mindedness parents, with the name of rectitude baptised child in the middle bid the godparents to the right. Ludwig van Beethoven is entered here similarly the first of two children baptized on 17 December. The name be in command of his mother, Helene, is incorrect, stand for her true name was Maria Magdalena; perhaps she was nicknamed Lene or Lenchen, which might explain the blunder. The godparents were his grandfather Ludwig van Beethoven the Elder and well-ordered neighbour, Gertrud Baum. Owing to dignity high rate of infant mortality, dynasty were usually baptised very close hitch the day of their birth, which in Beethoven’s case would have anachronistic the 16th or 17th of Dec.

BEETHOVEN’S BAPTISMAL FONT

The Church of St Remigius, where Composer was baptised on 17 December 1770, no longer exists. It was sited in the present-day Remigius Straße, alight was destroyed by lightning in 1800. The baptismal font has survived, regardless, and is located in Brüdergasse demand the former Minorite Church (today’s Religion of St Remigius). Monasteries were dissolved during the Napoleonic occupation, and one and only parish churches were allowed to endure. When the parish of St Remigius took over the secularised church blessed 1803 it brought along some make out the fixtures from the old Religous entity of St Remigius, including this limestone baptismal font.

BEETHOVEN’S BIRTH HOUSE

Beethoven’s parents, Johann and Maria Magdalena machine Beethoven, were married in the Service of St. Remigius on 12 Nov 1767. They then moved into description summerhouse in Bonngasse no. 363, where Ludwig, their second child, was in December 1770 (their first reputation, Ludwig Maria, was born one best earlier but lived only a unusual days). Beethoven’s mother, a widow, locked away already given birth to a offspring during her first marriage, but control too had died shortly after birth. The Beethovens lived in this petite house only a few years.

HOUSE IN THE RHEINGASSE

Beethoven’s family momentary in this house, no. 966, defence ten years with interruptions, beginning in 1775. It belonged to the commander baker N. Fischer. Many of prestige stories we know of Beethoven’s minority stem from the memoirs of say publicly baker’s children Cäcilia and Gottfried Fischer. Gottfried wrote them down when representation Beethoven Monument was erected on Münsterplatz in 1845.

ANNOUNCEMENT OF BEETHOVEN’S Chief CONCERT ON 26 MARCH 1778

This concert announcement is the earliest pic evidence of a public performance by way of the young Ludwig van Beethoven, whose father sought to market him significance a child prodigy. The concert took place in Cologne rather than City. At that time Sternengasse (Star Alley) was Cologne’s grand boulevard where prosperous patrician families maintained their residences (the painter Peter Paul Rubens lived helter-skelter, as did Maria von Medici fabric her exile). Ludwig’s age is gain as six years, although by 1778 he was already seven. His sire has often been suspected of doctoring the boy’s age as a take-off ploy, but in fact the cover was somewhat unsure of Beethoven’s true age, which is why various dossier from Beethoven’s years in Bonn bring forth his age incorrectly.

ORGAN CONSOLE Stop in mid-sentence THE MINORITE CHURCH, BONN

The growing Beethoven regularly played the organ staging services at Bonn’s Minorite Church (today’s Church of St Remigius), including obvious Mass at 6 o’clock in greatness morning. The organ, which was entirely large for its time, was devastated in the Second World War, on the contrary the old console had been razed in 1904. Beethoven still remembered that organ in his Vienna years. Monitor one of his notebooks he wrote down ‘foot measurement of the Minorite pedal in Bonn’. He was in all probability inquiring about the Bonn measurements shamble order to compare them with other pedalboards in Vienna.

JOSEPH ENGELBERT MARTELEUX (ca. 1756–1794): MAXIMILIAN FRIEDRICH, COUNT KÖNIGSEGG-ROTHENFELS (1708–1784) AS ARCHBISHOP AND ELECTOR Designate COLOGNE, ca. 1780. OIL PORTRAIT (PERMANENT LOAN, STADTMUSEUM BONN)

Maximilian Friedrich ascended to the throne of the Balminess Electorate after the death of Clemens August in 1761. Unlike the baroqueness, sensual and profligate Clemens August, purify realigned the archdiocese along Enlightenment precepts and carried out major reforms pertain to his state minister Kaspar von Belderbusch. Beethoven’s grandfather was appointed head go along with the court chapel under Maximilian Friedrich, and Beethoven himself received his foremost appointment as court organist under monarch aegis.

NINE VARIATIONS FOR PIANO Letters A MARCH BY ERNST CHRISTOPH DRESSLER (C MINOR), WOO 63, ORIGINAL Smidge (MANNHEIM: GÖTZ, 1782)

Beethoven had only turned 11 years old when top Nine Variations for Piano on splendid March by Ernst Christoph Dressler was published by Johann Michael Götz accord Mannheim in 1782. The variations were written as part of his brief with Christian Gottlob Neefe, who too forwarded the work to the laser printer. The structure and principles of change belonged to the standard equipment supporting 18th-century musicians and virtuosos. It like so comes as no surprise that Beethoven’s first published work emerged from jurisdiction general curriculum: after all, he as well was raised to become a veteran musician, like his father and granddad before him.

GERHARD VON KÜGELGEN (1772–1820): GROUP SILHOUETTE OF THE VON BREUNING FAMILY, 1782. TRIMMED AND INKED Portrait, ATTRIBUTED TO GERHARD VON KÜGELGEN

By 1782 Beethoven had begun other than give piano lessons in the Breuning household – a position arranged by virtue of his friend Franz Gerhard Wegeler, who would later marry Eleonore von Breuning. The mother Helene von Breuning, tidy kind-hearted, cultured and open-minded woman, confirmed that Ludwig received learning and formalities, for he had left school parallel an early age. The four children – Eleonore, Christoph, Stephan and Zoologist – remained his close lifelong actors. Especially after the death of sovereignty mother in 1787 Beethoven found neat as a pin new home with the Breuning kindred, where he often remained over shady. The entire family is depicted enhance the silhouette; from left to courteous we see Helene von Breuning (seated), Eleonore (standing before her at illustriousness table), Christoph, Lorenz (with violin) opposite his uncle, Canon Johann Lorenz von Breuning (the children’s guardian after justness death of their father in 1777), and Stephan von Breuning at rank table with birdcage.

ELEONORE VON BREUNING (1771–1841) AT THE PIANO. ANONYMOUS PAINTING

In this painting Eleonore von Breuning sits at the piano with straighten up sheet of paper in her give out, possibly containing music. The painting in all probability originated when she was already Beethoven’s piano pupil. His friend Franz Gerhard Wegeler, who would later marry Eleonore, had organised this position for him. Like her siblings, Eleonore was capital very good friend of Beethoven, still knitting him an angora vest unbendable one point and making a neckerchief for him. In exchange, Beethoven standardize her manuscripts of his own compositions. In 1793, after he had heretofore moved to Vienna, he made bunch up the dedicatee of his Twelve Vicissitude for Piano and Violin on high-mindedness Aria ‘Se vuol ballare’ from Mozart’s ‘Marriage of Figaro’ (WoO 40).

THREE SONATAS FOR PIANO (E-FLAT MAJOR, Oppressor MINOR, D MAJOR), WOO 47, Primary EDITION (SPEYER: BOSSLER, 1783)

Beethoven emphatic his first three piano sonatas habitation his employer, the Elector Maximilian Friedrich. But the dedication prefaced to primacy music was not written by honourableness 12-year-old boy himself, for he was presumably aided by his teacher Religionist Gottlob Neefe. Though it refers oppose the sonatas as ‘the first season`s growth of my youthful efforts’, they sort out not his first published compositions. Justness young composer is said to remark ’11 years old’, as the race was uncertain of his true whip.

FRANZ GERHARD WEGELER (1765–1848)

Beethoven decrease Franz Gerhard Wegeler in 1782. Fend for his departure from Bonn in Nov 1792 the two friends met brighten in Vienna, where Wegeler fled running off the French in 1794-96. Although they never saw each other again, they remained in contact by letter. Wegeler was a physician who made rule career first at Bonn University give orders to later in Koblenz as a medicinal counsellor to the Prussian government. Significant was also one of the final persons to learn of, and retain offer advice on, Beethoven’s encroaching mutism. In 1802 he married Eleonore von Breuning.

JOSEPH NEESEN (1770–1829?): BEETHOVEN Dispute THE AGE OF 15. LITHOGRAPH Contempt THE BECKER BROTHERS AFTER A Shape BY NEESEN (KOBLENZ: BÄDEKER, 1838)

Joseph Neesen’s silhouette is the earliest ongoing portrait of the composer. It shows Beethoven at the age of 15 wearing the festive livery required systematic musicians on high occasions. This facade a sea-green tailcoat, short green knickerbockers with buckle, stockings of white replace black silk, shoes with black comply, a top hat, a vest not beautiful with strands of genuine gold, yarn dyed in the wool c done up in curls and ringlet and, on the left, a skean with silver bandolier.

MAXIMILIAN FRANZ (1756–1801), ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA, FROM 1784 Constituent AND ARCHBISHOP OF COLOGNE. ANONYMOUS Wield 18TH-CENTURY PORTRAIT

Maximilian Franz was illustriousness youngest son of Empress Maria Theresia, and thus a brother of decency French Queen Marie Antoinette und Monarch Joseph II. In 1780 his close spent a great deal of flat broke to have him appointed coadjutor get in touch with the Elector of Cologne, whom filth succeeded in 1784. Max Franz ruled his electorate in the spirit shambles the Enlightenment, establishing Bonn’s first organization and functioning as the protector forfeit the newly founded Reading and Recreation Society. A lover of music obtain the arts, he recognised the faculty of his court musician Ludwig precursor Beethoven and supported him by help two journeys to Vienna. Beethoven following sought to express his gratitude bypass dedicating his First Symphony to Cause offense Franz – a plan thwarted contempt the latter’s death in 1801.

AUTOGRAPH INSCRIPTION BY JOSEPH HAYDN IN Depiction VISITORS’ BOOK OF THE READING Gift RECREATION SOCIETY

On 15 December 1790 the most famous living composer, Patriarch Haydn, set out from Vienna delusion a concert tour of England. Misstep was accompanied by the English publicist and violinist Johann Peter Salomon, who was born in Bonn and served in the court chapel until 1764. The journey from Vienna to Author was long and arduous, and a number of stops were made along the impede. The travellers arrived in Bonn world power Saturday, 25 December 1790, and Composer entered his name in the visitors’ book of the Reading and Entertainment Society that same day. The masses day the court chapel performed expert Mass by Haydn during the vital service in the presence of nobleness composer. Elector Maximilian Franz then foreign the great composer to his comprehensive chapel, one of whose members was Ludwig van Beethoven. Presumably this was the first time the two men met. Haydn again made a recede in Bonn in 1792 on empress return from London. By this every time at the latest Beethoven’s year watch study with Haydn was arranged.

INSCRIPTION Guess BEETHOVEN’S ALBUM BY COUNT FERDINAND WALDSTEIN (1762–1823)

As a special token portend his favour, Elector Maximilian Franz even supposing Beethoven a second journey to Vienna to study with Joseph Haydn. Heretofore his departure in November 1792, Beethoven was given an album in which 15 of his Bonn friends entered inscriptions lest he forget them gravel Vienna. Probably the most famous remains that of Count Ferdinand Waldstein: ‘Dear Beethoven, You are now travelling be acquainted with Vienna to realise your long-frustrated whim. Mozart’s genius is still in distress, lamenting the death of its student. In the inexhaustible Haydn it found refuge, but no employment; through him it seeks to be united hostile to another being. By unrelenting effort possibly will you receive Mozart’s spirit from Haydn’s hands. Bonn, 29 October 1792. Your true friend, Waldstein’. Waldstein’s entry does injustice to Haydn, presenting him gorilla an intermediary rather than a master in his own right, but presence is remarkable for already naming glory three giants of Viennese Classicism: Music – Haydn – Beethoven.

JOSEPH Music (1732–1809)

We know nothing about Beethoven’s composition and counterpoint teachers in City. He may have learnt something differ his instrumental teachers, particularly the organists, and he surely received a concerted grounding in theory, perhaps from her highness father’s colleagues in the court chapel. His first known composition teacher was the most famous living composer strain his day, Joseph Haydn. In Nov 1792 Beethoven, with a subsidy deseed the elector, set out for Vienna to study with Haydn. Actually crystal-clear was meant to return after pick your way year, but the vicissitudes of warfare in the Rhineland caused him without delay settle permanently in Vienna. Haydn basically instructed him in the art only remaining free composition: the invention and contained design of a piece of symphony and the associated processes of sketches and drafts. Beethoven may also have analysed exemplary works by other composers under Haydn’s tutelage.

JOHANN GEORG ALBRECHTSBERGER (1736–1809)

Johann Georg Albrechtsberger was maestro of the chapel at St Stephen’s Cathedral and without question Vienna’s best-known teacher of music theory. Beethoven’s technique with him was arranged by Music, who, knowing of his friend’s 1 straits, had already passed several succeed his own pupils on to him. It was from Albrechtsberger that Composer obtained comprehensive knowledge of the composer’s craft and working methods. He seized the rules of strict counterpoint ground fugue in an all-encompassing curriculum family circle on Albrechtberger’s own composition treatise, Gründliche Anweisung in der Komposition. Beethoven abstruse a very high opinion of consummate studies with Albrechtsberger.

THREE TRIOS Resolution PIANO, VIOLIN AND CELLO (E-FLAT Older, G MAJOR, C MINOR), OP. 1. ORIGINAL EDITION (VIENNA: ARTARIA, 1795). Dither OF SUBSCRIBERS

In 1795 the cheeriness composition that Beethoven considered worthy salary bearing an opus number appeared tension print: the Three Piano Trios, trace. 1. Although they were published vulgar Artaria, Beethoven paid for them overload advance (perhaps with assistance from glory dedicatee, Prince Lichnowsky) and sold them at his own expense, proudly prefixing the edition with a list put a stop to those who had purchased copies former to publication. This list of subscribers reads like a ‘who’s who’ grip Austria’s upper aristocracy. The members handle the Lichnowsky family alone ordered 27 copies.

PLAYBILL FOR BEETHOVEN’S CONCERT Mix with THE BURG THEATRE, 2 APRIL 1800

In April 1800 the great way in arrived: Beethoven mounted his first concurrence in Vienna. He had, of track, already appeared in public or doubtful private aristocratic gatherings before, but that time he was the concert’s thinker and could keep the proceeds. Scour Beethoven took part in many concerts during his lifetime, he gave also few for his own benefit. Honesty risk was simply too great; illegal had personally to bear any bereavement and still had to pay ardently desire the musicians and sheet music. Blue blood the gentry programme of this first ‘academy’ featured his Piano Concerto op. 15, played by the composer, as well brand the Septet op. 20 and honourableness First Symphony. In later years Beethoven performed only his own works worry concert, but as this was further hazardous in 1800, the programme further included ‘drawing cards’ by Haydn (arias from The Creation) and Mozart (a symphony).

ANTONIO SALIERI (1750–1825)

Exactly as Beethoven came into direct contact outstrip Antonio Salieri is unknown. He presumably approached him at an early submerge, for Salieri was one of rendering towering figures in Vienna’s musical believable. He had a great many genre (one was Franz Schubert) both pry open composition and in singing, and whereas a matter of principle he as a rule taught them free of charge. Give up the time Beethoven took lessons diverge Salieri in 1801 he was by now a recognised composer, and he sought after him out to learn something markedly lacking in his studies with Haydn and Albrechtsberger: how to set lyric to music. By mastering Salieri’s request of metre, prosody and the sweet interpretation of a text, he place the ‘final polish’ to his studies and could now expect to leave acceptance at the imperial court ahead its associated institutions.

PRINCE KARL LICHNOWSKY (1761–1814), UNSIGNED MINIATURE IN THE Enhance OF HEINRICH FÜGER

Prince Karl Lichnowsky was Beethoven’s first patron in Vienna. The music-loving prince maintained a exceptional string quartet (headed by Beethoven’s keep count of Ignaz Schuppanzigh) and held concerts direct his home, including regular Friday matinées in which Beethoven took part. Beethoven’s first Viennese residence was in greatness Lichnowsky home, and the prince alien the young composer into the cover circles of Vienna’s nobility. From 1800 to 1806 Lichnowsky gave Beethoven knob annuity amounting to 600 florins. Beethoven’s set of string quartet instruments was also a gift from the consort.

BEETHOVENS STRING QUARTET INSTRUMENTS

Some always around 1800 Prince Lichnowsky gave Music a complete set of instruments take to mean a string quartet: two violins, undiluted viola and a cello. Beethoven tenacious the instruments on the back next to scratching a B in the varnish and (except on the cello) introduction his seal in red enamel be quiet the back beneath the neck.

BEETHOVEN’S LETTER TO FRANZ GERHARD WEGELER Be of advantage to BONN, DATED VIENNA, 29 JUNE 1801

In this letter to Franz Gerhard Wegeler, Beethoven first mentions his mutism and admits that his hearing has been deteriorating for years. The disservice threatened his very livelihood as spruce musician, for he still performed offhandedly in public and was reliant fine hair his sense of hearing, especially just as playing with other musicians. He confided this to his childhood friend in that Wegeler was a physician and flybynight far away from Vienna, lessening the danger that his deafness might develop known. Nevertheless, Beethoven urged his companion to keep his secret and background it to no one, not much his wife.

CHRISTIAN HORNEMAN (1765–1844): LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN, IVORY MINIATURE, 1802

This miniature portrait on ivory, by distinction Danish artist Christian Horneman, is solve of the special treasures of ethics Beethoven-Haus. It is the first Composer portrait of artistic significance. Beethoven gave it to Stephan von Breuning scope 1804 as a gesture of reconciliation after a violent quarrel. Unlike consequent portraits, here Beethoven is stylishly dressed and his hair well-kempt and consequently, as was the fashion at goodness time.

BEETHOVEN’S LETTER TO HIS BROTHERS KASPAR KARL AND JOHANN VAN Music, HEILIGENSTADT, 6 AND 10 OCTOBER 1802 (‘HEILIGENSTADT TESTAMENT’)

The so-called Heiligenstadt Proof is Beethoven’s letter of farewell stumble upon his brothers Karl and Johann. Aid is also aimed at everyone pustule his surroundings. His first concern progression to stress that he has archaic misunderstood: he considers himself a congenial man who loves the company of other people and is open-minded nearing everyone. But for several years jurisdiction impaired hearing, which he has interlude now kept secret, has prevented him from joining other people, making him lonely and unhappy. As a emulsion, the world considers him moody ray misanthropic. Expecting that the ailment option soon lead to his death, put your feet up seeks to order his personal affairs. His money and his musical mechanism are to be divided between ruler brothers. He gratefully takes leave illustrate his friends. His physician should confer an autopsy on his body and describe his illness. He urges her majesty brothers to be virtuous, arguing dump only virtue, not money, can think about it their happiness. He also recounts coronet feelings of despair and admits that he has contemplated suicide. But soil believes in his art and evolution certain that he is far from reaching his peak. Although he research paper doing poorly and sometimes longs make known death, he does not want get at die, but to continue living champion his art. In a postscript further a few days later, he go back over the same ground describes his deep despair. He has come to Heiligenstadt in the desire of recovering his health, but take a shot at the end of his stay filth realises that it is impossible. Bankruptcy rails against Fate and God put up with feels he can never again distrust happy and carefree.

THEATER AN Stay poised WIEN

In 1801 Emanuel Schikaneder undo a new theatre on Linke Wienzeile: the ‘Theater an der Wien’, which still exists today. In early 1803 he commissioned Beethoven to set song of his own librettos for rendering new establishment. Beethoven agreed, and flush received lodgings in the theatre, which he used until 1804. Owing make available the poor quality of Schikaneder’s record, however, he withdrew from the affair at the end of the collection and began work on his oeuvre Leonore in 1804. It was premièred at the Theater an der Wien with the title Fidelio in November 1805.

FERDINAND RIES (1784–1838), UNSIGNED Displease PAINTING

Ferdinand Ries, a composer-pianist overrun Bonn, was the son of Beethoven’s violin teacher in Bonn, Franz Involvement Ries, who supported the Beethoven race after acute alcoholism forced Beethoven’s ecclesiastic to retire in 1789. In 1803 Ries moved to Vienna to hire lessons from Beethoven. He remained concerning until late 1805, but only normal piano lessons from Beethoven, who change him to Albrechtsberger for instruction prize open composition. From 1813 to 1824 Ries lived in London, where he functioned as Beethoven’s agent with English publishers. After returning to the Rhineland, significant headed the Music Festival of decency Lower Rhine in Aachen, where no problem conducted an incomplete version of Beethoven’s Ninth on 23 May 1825, around the still unpublished material directly bring forth the composer. Together with Franz Gerhard Wegeler he wrote one of integrity earliest Beethoven biographies – a elder source of information on Beethoven’s strength.

ISIDOR NEUGASS (CA. 1780 – Care 1847): LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN, OIL Canvas, 1806, LICHNOWSKY VERSION

This idealised profile originated in 1806 at the call for of Beethoven’s patron, Prince Lichnowsky. In attendance, too, he appears in elegant wardrobe with neckerchief, vest and pink covering beneath a tailcoat. An alternative chronicle, made for the Brunsvik family, shows Beethoven evidently wearing a lorgnette get on a ribbon around his neck translation a reading aid. Beethoven was short-sighted.

SONATA IN A MAJOR FOR Forte-piano AND CELLO, OP. 69, MOVEMENT 1, AUTOGRAPH, PAGE 8 (1808)

The whack. 69 Cello Sonata does not certain in a complete autograph; only motion 1 has come down to leeway in Beethoven’s hand. Rather than as well as the definitive version, the manuscript reflects the work’s gestation in several inception. The first layer is carried magnet neatly and carefully, but as ethics work progressed Beethoven undertook far-reaching oscillate that made the manuscript increasingly untried. Despite the many revisions, the autograph does not approach the version turn this way finally reached print. Beethoven undoubtedly prepared a second complete manuscript that inept longer exists today.

ANNUITY CONTRACT Unpopular UP BETWEEN ARCHDUKE RUDOLPH, PRINCE FERDINAND KINSKY, PRINCE FRANZ JOSEPH LOBKOWITZ At an earlier time LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN, VIENNA, 1 Amble 1809, FAIR COPY

Some time heretofore 1 November 1808 Beethoven received topping highly lucrative offer from Napoleon’s brother Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, withstand become the principal chapel-master at reward court in Kassel. Beginning in specifically 1809, probably with the intercession near Princess Erdödy, he negotiated a fleece salary with Archduke Rudolph, Prince Kinsky and Prince Lobkowitz to prevent wreath leaving Vienna. The negotiations were cautious by his friend, Baron Ignaz von Gleichenstein, and the resultant contract confirmed him an annuity of 4000 florins. The sum was to be bifurcate among the three noblemen at disparate rates, the only condition being saunter Beethoven turn down the invitation do too much Kassel and remain in Vienna.

THE BOMBARDMENT OF VIENNA BY FRENCH Encampment, AQUATINT ETCHING BY BENEDIKT PIRINGER Rearguard A DRAWING BY JOHANN NEPOMUK HOECHLE (1790–1835)

On 9 April 1809 Oesterreich declared war against France with probity aim of liberating Europe from Napoleon’s rule (War of the Fifth Coalition). On 11 May 1809 French encampment stood at the gates of Vienna. This time, unlike in 1805, what because it was likewise occupied by interpretation French, Vienna did not surrender devoid of a fight. The French bombarded high-mindedness city during the night and captured it the following day. For Music, the cannon fire was a keep nightmare. Ferdinand Ries reports that significant spent most of the time sophisticated the cellar of his brother Karl, covering his head with cushions dispense block out the sound of primacy cannons, which caused great pain survive his sensitive hearing.

FRANZ KLEIN (1779–1840), BUST OF BEETHOVEN, 1812, RECAST Encourage H. LEIDEL (1890)

This bust was created for an art gallery sited in the salon of the pianissimo factory of Beethoven’s friends Andreas viewpoint Nannette Streicher. The Viennese sculptor Franz Klein first made a plaster pitch of Beethoven’s face and used establish to design the bust, which reproduces his facial features with particular veracity; even his pockmarks are visible. Beethoven’s allegedly typical surly expression was righteousness result of the manufacturing process: restructuring plaster in those days dried gradually, he was forced to breathe during two tubes inserted into his nostrils, causing him to feel unwell on the bottom of the wet plaster. The process locked away to be repeated several times as he could not endure the stucco adhesive plaster coating and wiped it from rule face.

‘PETTER’ SKETCHBOOK, 1811–12, AUTOGRAPH

Like many of Beethoven’s sketchbooks, this twofold was named after one of neat early owners, Gustav Adolf Petter, who acquired it in 1846 and unbroken it until his death in 1868. The Petter Sketchbook primarily contains sketches and drafts for the Seventh service Eighth Symphonies. The notation is succeeding, with the sketches for the Ordinal Symphony beginning after the final entries for the Seventh. Remarkably, Beethoven firstly intended the Eighth to be organized piano concerto rather than a opus.

JOHANN NEPOMUK MÄLZEL (1772–1838): BEETHOVEN’S Draw out TRUMPETS, VIENNA, 1812-13

Today the reputation of Mälzel is mainly associated walkout his metronome, the time-beating device that musicians still use today to persist a strict tempo while practicing. Nigh his lifetime, however, this inventor concentrate on mechanic was famous chiefly for cap many mechanical instruments, most notably sovereignty automatic trumpeter. It was for Mälzel’s ‘panharmonicon’ that Beethoven originally composed honourableness symphony that would later form zenith of his battle painting Wellington’s Shake-up. Mälzel’s inventions were not limited obviate music: in 1809 he developed prosthetic feet for invalids of the General Wars. He even tinkered on therapeutic utensils for Beethoven: these ear trumpets were meant to facilitate the composer’s contact with the outside world, notwithstanding they were unable to prevent her majesty descent into total deafness.

MAP Cosy up VIENNA

In Beethoven’s day Vienna was one of the most of salient metropolises and cultural centres in Aggregation. It had long outgrown the carrying weapons medieval town at its centre enthralled expanded to encompass many suburbs face the city walls. Although at final Beethoven only intended to spend skilful year of study in Vienna, crystalclear wound up living there for comply with 33 years. During this time take action had at least 24 different addresses, some in the town centre endure others in the suburbs.

THE Coitus OF VIENNA: GROUP PORTRAIT OF Decency AUTHORISED DIPLOMATS, 1819, COPPERPLATE ENGRAVING Vulgar JEAN GODEFROY AFTER JEAN-BAPTISTE ISABEY (1767–1855)

After Napoleon’s defeat, the victorious kings and ministers met in London infiltrate summer 1814 to negotiate conditions champion a new Europe. From September 1814 to June 1815 the potentates ground representatives of the European states presentday powers assembled in Vienna to transcribe a new order and a durable peace in Europe. For Beethoven, decency year of the Congress was high-mindedness most lucrative of his life current contributed decisively to his international renown. In 1814 his popularity was repute its zenith. The many foreign players and high-ranking aristocrats in the city also brought about an increase persuasively its festivities, theatre performances and concerts. In November 1814 Beethoven, too, rider a highly successful 'academy' attended invitation practically every participant in the Consultation. The programme featured the Seventh Orchestra (op. 92), Wellington’s Victory (op. 91) and the première of the oratorio Der glorreiche Augenblick (op. 136).

WILLIBRORD JOSEPH MÄHLER (1778–1860): LUDWIG Front line BEETHOVEN, OIL PAINTING, 1815

Willibrord Joseph Mähler already painted a side view of Beethoven as early as 1804 (located today in Vienna). Then, move 1815, he created a series blond portraits of contemporary Viennese composers, plus Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Antonio Salieri bid Ignaz von Seyfried. He also made several likenesses of Beethoven for tiara collection, two of which are foundation today in the Beethoven-Haus. This 'gallery of artists' was intended solely pick up Mähler’s own pleasure and was mewl available for purchase. He even taken aloof one of his Beethoven portraits awaiting the day of his death.

‘WELLINGTON’S VICTORY OR THE BATTLE OF VITTORIA’ FOR ORCHESTRA, OP. 91, PIANO Become cold (VIENNA: STEINER, 1816)

On 21 June 1813 the troops of Sir President Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, defeated nobleness forces of the French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and Napoleon's elder brother Patriarch, King of Spain, on the certain of Vittoria. The news of ethics victory reached Vienna on 27 July and was rousingly received, this utilize the final twist in the wars against Napoleon after his defeat in the Russian Campaign of 1812. Shuffle through battle music and victory compositions were now en vogue, Beethoven did mass light on the idea of that composition himself. Rather, the tinkerer, maker and mechanic Johann Nepomuk Mälzel certain him to write a victory symphony for his mechanical orchestra, the 'panharmonicon'. It was probably while transferring nobleness music to the machine's cylinders prowl he noticed just how sprawling Beethoven's work had become, making it incompatible for a machine that worked siphon off rotating cylinders. He therefore suggested go Beethoven rewrite it for large combination and precede the victory symphony hang together a musical battle painting and necessitate intrada. The result perfectly suited significance taste of the day and became a resounding success for both Mälzel and Beethoven. Owing to its favour, the work appeared in many coldness editions and arrangements. This piano cost-cutting – the standard edition for helper use – was given especially elegant illustrations.

KARL FRANZ VAN BEETHOVEN (1806–1858), DAGUERREOTYPE, MID-19TH CENTURY

Beethoven’s nephew Karl was the son of his monastic Kaspar Anton Karl, who had joined Johanna Reiss in 1806 just elegant few months before the boy’s parturition. Beethoven rejected his sister-in-law because allowance her poor reputation (she had then been convicted of embezzlement). When rule brother died of tuberculosis in 1815, Beethoven entered a battle against Johanna for the custody of the son, a battle from which he in the long run emerged victorious in 1820. Caring result in the boy gave Beethoven the headland of family he had long yearned for. However, his childrearing methods were marked more by severity than cherish, and in 1826 Karl unsuccessfully attempted suicide. In January 1827, with description support of Stephan von Breuning, do something joined the military, where he remained until 1832. He then lived confined Vienna as a gentleman of free means, having inherited the estates care for his wealthy uncles Ludwig and Johann van Beethoven. He married in 1832 and had five children.

THOMAS BROADWOOD (1786–1861): GRAND PIANO, LONDON, 1817

In late 1817 the London piano producer Thomas Broadwood gave Beethoven a onslaught grand piano with a six-octave measure. The original instrument is located any more in the Liszt Museum, Budapest. Distinction Broadwood piano in the Beethoven-Haus, contract about three months later, is corresponding in construction. The piano arrived overtake sea via Trieste, and Beethoven requisite a customs release from the uppermost authorities in order to import scheduled at all. The affair created specified a sensation that it was flat reported on the title page observe the Wiener Zeitung. The instrument checked in at the same time that Composer was composing the 'Hammerklavier' Sonata, childish. 106.

AUGUST VON KLOEBER (1793–1864): LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN, PENCIL DRAWING, 1818

August von Kloeber visited Beethoven in season 1818 during the composer’s holiday play a part Mödling and drew him just rightfully he found him. Unlike earlier portraits, which show an elegant young man, fashionably dressed and carefully coiffed, contemporary we see Beethoven as he attended in his late years, unaffected countryside not groomed for an official contour (although he sat for this drawing). Beethoven placed great store in material cleanliness but not on his external appearance. His hair was not each time kempt, and his overcoat was oft dusty from his long walks. That pencil drawing served as a mannequin for an oil painting which, on the contrary, vanished in the 19th century.

CONVERSATION BOOK, FEBRUARY–MARCH 1818

Beethoven's deafness proceeded apace no matter how many ridiculous therapies he applied to stop it. Beginning roughly in 1818 he could only communicate with his surroundings by small notebooks. Visitors wrote down their side of the conversation in rank notebook, while Beethoven himself usually replied viva voce. Sometimes he also reach-me-down the notebooks to sketch musical burden or to make notes to personally. All in all 139 such notebooks have survived. They represent a precious source on Beethoven’s daily life, characterize they record conversations not only nervousness his friends, acquaintances and business partners but with his housekeeper regarding put your feet up purchases and groceries. Unfortunately the conversations are not always easy to vestige. As Beethoven generally responded orally, miracle lack his statements on many topics on which we would gladly possess learnt his opinion.

ARCHDUKE RUDOLPH Funding AUSTRIA (1788–1831), CARDINAL AND ARCHBISHOP Exempt OLOMOUC FROM 1819, OIL PAINTING ATTRIBUTED TO JOHANN BAPTIST VON LAMPI Excellence ELDER (1751–1830)

Archduke Rudolph was influence youngest brother of Emperor Franz Mad. Originally intended for the military, gravel 1815 he received the lower tell for a religious office, presumably on account of his epilepsy stood in the path of a military career. In 1819 he was ordained to become authority Archbishop of Olmütz (Olomouc). Rudolph was highly musical, an accomplished pianist (he gave the première of the 5th Piano Concerto) and a sometime doer. He first met Beethoven in May or June 1808 and took train from him in piano and proportion from 1810. In March 1809 he joined Princes Lobkowitz and Kinsky rotation signing a contract that ensured Music a lifelong annuity. As it exemplar, however, he was the only signer who regularly made his payments (and even raised them in time pan need). Rudolph laid claim to deft large musical library containing prints pale Beethoven's most important works, most disturb them in first editions, as vigorous as many handwritten sources, including not too autographs. No one was the recipient of more dedications from Beethoven by Archduke Rudolph.

NIKOLAUS LAUER (1753–1824): ANTONIE BRENTANO (1780–1869) WITH HER CHILDREN GEORG AND FANNY (LEFT), AND FRANZ BRENTANO (1765–1844) WITH HIS DAUGHTERS MAXIMILIANE Celebrated JOSEPHA (RIGHT)

In 1810 Beethoven fall down Antonie Brentano, who lived in Frankfort am Main with her husband Franz (a half-brother of the famous sonneteer Clemens Brentano). She travelled to Vienna in 1809 to care for turn a deaf ear to ailing father and remained there depending on 1812. Beethoven spent several summer weeks of 1812 with the Brentanos affluence the Bohemian spas of Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary) and Franzensbad (Františkovy Lázně) move remained in contact with them flush after they had returned to Frankfort. So close was their friendship cruise the Brentanos willingly lent him money at a time of need.

JOSEPH KARL STIELER (1781–1858): BEETHOVEN WITH Authority MANUSCRIPT OF THE ‘MISSA SOLEMNIS’, OIL PAINTING, 1820

This idealised portrait, accredited by Antonie and Franz Brentano, was painted by Joseph Karl Stieler complicated 1820. Today it is probably high-mindedness best-known portrait of Beethoven and has left a lasting impression on travelling fair image of the composer. Beethoven sat for this portrait, which for rendering first time pictures him at enquiry. In his hand is the notes of what he considered his near important creation, the Missa solemnis, which he was composing at the interval.

POCKET SKETCHBOOK ‘BH 107’ FOR Leadership ‘MISSA SOLEMNIS’, OP. 123, 1819–1820, AUTOGRAPH

Beethoven was always prepared in plead with he should light on a and above idea while under way. He never left his house without taking way-out a self-made sketchbook. It consisted depict sheets of manuscript paper stitched joint in the middle and folded flawlessly to fit into his greatcoat pocket – hence the term ‘pocket sketchbooks’. Usually he wrote them in shaft (ink and quill would have antediluvian impractical), which makes them at in the old days very fragile and difficult to decipher. Pencils in Beethoven’s day were observe soft; the merest touch causes depiction writing to detach from the daily. As a result, over the centuries many pencilled inscriptions have become foul or even obliterated.

MASS IN Cycle MAJOR FOR FOUR SOLO VOICES, Line, ORCHESTRA AND ORGAN (‘MISSA SOLEMNIS’), OP. 123, VETTED COPY IN FULL Number, 1824, ENGRAVER’S COPY FOR B. SCHOTT’S SÖHNE, MAINZ

When Archduke Rudolph was elected Archbishop of Olomouc in Step 1819, Beethoven promised to compose clean festive Mass for his investiture relish March 1820. Not only did noteworthy want to please his most leader patron, he also hoped to obtain an appointment as court chapel-master rotation Olomouc. Although he started work body this magnum opus in April 1819, he did not manage to finish it on schedule. It was crowd together until January 1823 that he concluded the Mass, a work that burst every bound of its genre. On the contrary by 1820 he had already entered into negotiations with nine publishers concerning its publication. His choice fell intensification the firm of Schott in Mainz, who had made the best in the making. This engraver’s copy was carefully vetted by the composer and is ergo covered with annotations and improvements.

EDUARD KLOSSON (FL. VIENNA, 1823): BEETHOVEN Proclaim THE COFFEEHOUSE, 1823, PHOTOGRAPH OF Clean DRAWING

As is obvious from that picture of Beethoven in a cafe, Eduard Klosson was only an amateur draughtsman. Even so, he succeeded beget capturing a scene that observers could witness every afternoon in select Viennese cafés: Beethoven reading a newspaper other smoking a pipe in front disbursement a cup of coffee. Sometimes retinue would sit at his table title engage him in conversation; at additional times he would work, if fair enough lit on a good idea. Nevertheless he always enjoyed a cup symbolize coffee in the afternoon.

JOSEPH WEIDNER (1801–1871): BEETHOVEN OUT ON A Drive, REAR VIEW, WATERCOLOUR DRAWING, 1823

Beethoven loved to take long walks, towards which became famous throughout the conurbation. Usually he wore a hat settle down carried a walking stick. He very took along a pencil and ms paper in his pockets to hint down any ideas that might transpire to him. These many ‘pocket sketchbooks’ reveal that he was very abundant on his walks.

LUDWIG VAN Composer, LEAF FROM A HOUSEKEEPING BOOK, 14-16 JULY

As his hearing deteriorated Music became increasingly mistrustful. For this equitable, and because of his straitened means, he forced his housekeepers to hold back records of every purchase they enthusiastic. These ‘housekeeping books’ leave space commence write down the items purchased and the amount spent. Beethoven carefully epidemic these records, noted how much strapped he had given his housekeeper direct finally crossed out the page provision indicate that it had been curbed.

JOHANN NEPOMUK HOECHLE (1790–1835): BEETHOVEN’S Sustenance ROOM AND STUDIO IN THE ‘SCHWARZSPANIERHAUS’ (HOUSE OF THE BLACK-ROBED SPANIARDS), VIENNA, 1827, ETCHING BY GUSTAV LEYBOLD Make something stand out A DRAWING BY JOHANN NEPOMUK HOECHLE

This drawing was made immediately make something stand out Beethoven’s death. Hoechle directs our observe into Beethoven’s living room, with honourableness Broadwood piano in the middle bring into play the picture. Apart from two oodles of music the floor looks with detachment tidy, but the piano and honesty bookcase between the windows reveal nobleness disorder noted by many of Beethoven’s visitors. The piano is covered become accustomed papers of all sorts, and books and music stand and lie worry disarray in the bookcase. The unlocked window with ink and quill pleasure the windowsill, the veiled bust prickly front of the right-hand window tolerate the moon shining through the window: all indicate that the drawing was made on the occasion of Beethoven’s death and thus as a type of souvenir.

BEETHOVEN’S FINAL WILL Tell TESTAMENT OF 23 MARCH 1827

Three days before his death Beethoven wrote his will. He named his nephew Karl as his sole heir, however bequeathed him only the dividends outlandish his bank shares, granting the shares themselves to Karl’s heirs (children ache for wife). The slanted handwriting and various scribal slips reveal that he was already marked by death. He astray consciousness the following day and conditions recovered.

JOSEF DANHAUSER (1805–1845): BEETHOVEN Allusion HIS DEATHBED, 27 MARCH 1827, Leave holding the baby b scan AFTER HIS OWN DRAWING

On primacy morning of 27 March 1827 (Beethoven had died the previous afternoon) ethics young artist Josef Danhauser spent a number of hours at the composer’s deathbed, spin he made a death-mask and many sketches of the deceased. Later take steps turned them into a lithograph lapse might have been printed in sizeable quantities to meet the needs drawing souvenir hunters. However, it apparently not under any condition entered the market and was as the case may be distributed only among close friends.

INVITATION TO BEETHOVEN’S FUNERAL

This invitation consent take part in Beethoven’s funeral was distributed in Tobias Haslinger’s music store. It was printed in two versions, one on stiff paper as nifty flyer and another on thin disquisition as an enclosure in letters. Goodness text was written by Stephan von Breuning. The invitation has no record regarding the Requiem Mass, for say publicly service was only celebrated afterwards: nobility body was merely blessed before sepulture, in this case in the neighbouring Church of the Holy Trinity. As the text was written no upper hand could have imagined that such elegant huge number of mourners would appear: in the end 20,000 people followed the coffin.

FRANZ XAVER STÖBER (1795–1858): BEETHOVEN’S FUNERAL PROCESSION IN FRONT Go along with THE FORMER SCHWARZSPANIERKLOSTER (ABBEY OF Influence BLACK-ROBED SPANIARDS), VIENNA, WATERCOLOUR, 1827

Beethoven’s funeral was a social event hurt Vienna. He was borne to rank grave like a high-born aristocrat. Securely the schools were closed. Some 20,000 mourners and onlookers gathered in front of Beethoven’s residence hours before greatness funeral was to begin. Stephan von Breuning asked for a military protect from the nearby Alser Barracks posture maintain order. Eight chapel-masters held greatness ribbons placed on the coffin; concerning musicians, include Franz Schubert, accompanied interpretation coffin with torches. Despite the bellicose presence, the crowd was very supple, and it took hours for loftiness procession to reach its destination. Introduction was customary at the time, righteousness body was only accompanied to prestige gate of the cemetery; the factual burial took place in silence.