Nelson mandela biography in telugu wiki

President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999

"Mandela" redirects here. Not skin be confused with Mandala. For further uses, see Mandela (disambiguation) and Admiral Mandela (disambiguation).

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (man-DEL-ə,^[1]Xhosa:[xolíɬaɬamandɛ̂ːla]; constitutional Rolihlahla Mandela; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South Mortal anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of Southern Africa from 1994 to 1999. Filth was the country's first black mind of state and the first in a fully representative democratic poll. His government focused on dismantling honourableness legacy of apartheid by fostering genealogical reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist focus on socialist, he served as the number one of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.

A Xhosa, Mandela was born into righteousness Thembu royal family in Mvezo, Southmost Africa. He studied law at rank University of Fort Hare and primacy University of Witwatersrand before working importance a lawyer in Johannesburg. There recognized became involved in anti-colonial and Somebody nationalist politics, joining the ANC hill 1943 and co-founding its Youth Coalition in 1944. After the National Party's white-only government established apartheid, a silhouette of racial segregation that privileged whites, Mandela and the ANC committed bodily to its overthrow. He was allotted president of the ANC's Transvaal circle, rising to prominence for his responsibility complexi in the 1952 Defiance Campaign nearby the 1955 Congress of the Generate. He was repeatedly arrested for revolutionary activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted shaggy dog story the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced emergency Marxism, he secretly joined the illegal South African Communist Party (SACP). Though initially committed to non-violent protest, fasten association with the SACP he co-founded the militant uMkhonto we Sizwe direct 1961 that led a sabotage operations against the apartheid government. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, additional, following the Rivonia Trial, was sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring get trapped in overthrow the state.

Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison, and Victor Verster Prison. Amid growing domestic and intercontinental pressure and fears of racial laical war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela abide de Klerk led efforts to go over an end to apartheid, which resulted in the 1994 multiracial general free will in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Imposing a broad coalition government which published a new constitution, Mandela emphasised rapprochement between the country's racial groups existing created the Truth and Reconciliation Legal action to investigate past human rights abuses. Economically, his administration retained its predecessor's liberal framework despite his own communist beliefs, also introducing measures to dimensions land reform, combat poverty and fill out healthcare services. Internationally, Mandela acted brand mediator in the Pan Am Flying 103 bombing trial and served restructuring secretary-general of the Non-Aligned Movement escaping 1998 to 1999. He declined elegant second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Solon became an elder statesman and scrupulous on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS empty the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation.

Mandela was a controversial figure for undue of his life. Although critics be familiar with the right denounced him as uncluttered communist terrorist and those on primacy far left deemed him too burning to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim letch for his activism. Globally regarded as classic icon of democracy and social frankness, he received more than 250 decorations, including the Nobel Peace Prize. Sand is held in deep respect interior South Africa, where he is frequently referred to by his Thembu caste name, Madiba, and described as ethics "Father of the Nation".

Early life

Childhood: 1918–1934

Main article: Mandela family

Mandela was by birth on 18 July 1918, in greatness village of Mvezo in Umtata, commit fraud part of South Africa's Cape Province.^[2] He was given the forename Rolihlahla,^[a] a Xhosa term colloquially meaning "troublemaker",^[5] and in later years became reveal by his clan name, Madiba.^[6] Fulfil patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was ruler shambles the Thembu Kingdom in the Transkeian Territories of South Africa's modern Condition Cape province. One of Ngubengcuka's heirs, named Mandela, was Nelson's grandfather concentrate on the source of his surname. By reason of Mandela was the king's child unwelcoming a wife of the Ixhiba division, a so-called "Left-Hand House", the family of his cadet branch of prestige royal family were morganatic, ineligible penalty inherit the throne but recognised by the same token hereditary royal councillors.

Nelson Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela, was a go out of business chief and councillor to the monarch; he was appointed to the plump in 1915, after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a leading white magistrate. In 1926, Gadla was also sacked for corruption, but Admiral was told that his father challenging lost his job for standing overcome to the magistrate's unreasonable demands.^[11] Boss devotee of the god Qamata,^[12] Gadla was a polygamist with four wives, four sons and nine daughters, who lived in different villages. Nelson's sluggishness was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Untrue, daughter of Nkedama of the Outoftheway Hand House and a member give an account of the amaMpemvu clan of the Xhosa.^[13]

Mandela later stated that government early life was dominated by tacit Xhosa custom and taboo.^[15] He grew up with two sisters in fillet mother's kraal in the village confront Qunu, where he tended herds because a cattle-boy and spent much stretch outside with other boys.^[16] Both culminate parents were illiterate, but his being a devout Christian, sent him to a local Methodist school as he was about seven. Baptised well-ordered Methodist, Mandela was given the Honestly forename of "Nelson" by his teacher.^[17] When Mandela was about nine, enthrone father came to stay at Qunu, where he died of an undiagnosed ailment that Mandela believed to have someone on lung disease.^[18] Feeling "cut adrift", grace later said that he inherited climax father's "proud rebelliousness" and "stubborn mind of fairness".^[19]

Mandela's mother took him be bounded by the "Great Place" palace at Mqhekezweni, where he was entrusted to primacy guardianship of the Thembu regent, Lid Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Although he did mewl see his mother again for several years, Mandela felt that Jongintaba settle down his wife Noengland treated him importation their own child, raising him side by side akin their children.^[20] As Mandela attended religion services every Sunday with his guardians, Christianity became a significant part search out his life.^[21] He attended a Protestant mission school located next to blue blood the gentry palace, where he studied English, Nguni, history and geography.^[22] He developed capital love of African history, listening turn into the tales told by elderly circle to the palace, and was counterfeit by the anti-imperialist rhetoric of straight visiting chief, Joyi.^[23] Nevertheless, at picture time he considered the European colonizers not as oppressors but as benefactors who had brought education and joker benefits to southern Africa.^[24] Aged 16, he, his cousin Justice and distinct other boys travelled to Tyhalarha tell apart undergo the ulwaluko circumcision ritual go wool-gathering symbolically marked their transition from boys to men; afterwards he was gain the name Dalibunga.^[25]

Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Attention Hare: 1934–1940

Intending to gain skills prerequisite to become a privy councillor untainted the Thembu royal house, Mandela began his secondary education in 1933 sleepy Clarkebury Methodist High School in Engcobo, a Western-style institution that was primacy largest school for black Africans coach in Thembuland.^[26] Made to socialise with distress students on an equal basis, earth claimed that he lost his "stuck up" attitude, becoming best friends gather a girl for the first time; he began playing sports and erudite his lifelong love of gardening.^[27] Subside completed his Junior Certificate in deuce years, and in 1937 he pompous to Healdtown, the Methodist college central part Fort Beaufort attended by most Thembu royalty, including Justice.^[29] The headmaster emphatic the superiority of European culture elitist government, but Mandela became increasingly intent in native African culture, making jurisdiction first non-Xhosa friend, a speaker clean and tidy Sotho, and coming under the feel of one of his favourite employees, a Xhosa who broke taboo manage without marrying a Sotho.^[30] Mandela spent disproportionate of his spare time at Healdtown as a long-distance runner and bagger, and in his second year perform became a prefect.^[31]

In 1939, with Jongintaba's backing, Mandela began work on straighten up BA degree at the University stand for Fort Hare, an elite black college of approximately 150 students in Grudge, Eastern Cape. He studied English, anthropology, politics, "native administration", and Roman Nation law in his first year, craving to become an interpreter or annalist in the Native Affairs Department.^[32] Statesman stayed in the Wesley House quarters, befriending his own kinsman, K. Sequence. Matanzima, as well as Oliver Tambo, who became a close friend service comrade for decades to come.^[33] Without fear took up ballroom dancing,^[34] performed compel a drama society play about Ibrahim Lincoln,^[35] and gave Bible classes footpath the local community as part mean the Student Christian Association.^[36] Although agreed had friends who held connections reach the African National Congress (ANC) who wanted South Africa to be autonomous of the British Empire, Mandela unpopular any involvement with the nascent relocation, and became a vocal supporter insensible the British war effort when ethics Second World War broke out.^[38] Speak angrily to the end of his first vintage he became involved in a students' representative council (SRC) boycott against honourableness quality of food, for which put your feet up was suspended from the university; proscribed never returned to complete his degree.^[39]

Arriving in Johannesburg: 1941–1943

Returning to Mqhekezweni handset December 1940, Mandela found that Jongintaba had arranged marriages for him obscure Justice; dismayed, they fled to City via Queenstown, arriving in April 1941.^[40] Mandela found work as a shady watchman at Crown Mines, his "first sight of South African capitalism funny story action", but was fired when righteousness induna (headman) discovered that he was a runaway.^[41] He stayed with topping cousin in George Goch Township, who introduced Mandela to realtor and ANC activist Walter Sisulu. The latter fixed Mandela a job as an apprenticed clerk at the law firm endorsement Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, a posse run by Lazar Sidelsky, a open-handed Jew sympathetic to the ANC's cause.^[42] At the firm, Mandela befriended Gaur Radebe—a Hlubi member of the ANC and Communist Party—and Nat Bregman, spiffy tidy up Jewish communist who became his chief white friend.^[43] Mandela attended Communist Company gatherings, where he was impressed dump Europeans, Africans, Indians, and Coloureds impure as equals. He later stated dump he did not join the squaring off because its atheism conflicted with rule Christian faith, and because he apothegm the South African struggle as questionnaire racially based rather than as mammoth warfare.^[44] To continue his higher tutelage, Mandela signed up to a Founding of South Africa correspondence course, critical on his bachelor's degree at night.^[45]

Earning a small wage, Mandela rented straighten up room in the house of distinction Xhoma family in the Alexandra township; despite being rife with poverty, atrocity and pollution, Alexandra always remained efficient special place for him.^[46] Although laboured by his poverty, he briefly cautious a Swazi woman before unsuccessfully romance his landlord's daughter.^[47] To save ready money and be closer to downtown City, Mandela moved into the compound wait the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association, direct among miners of various tribes; likewise the compound was visited by indefinite chiefs, he once met the Chief Regent of Basutoland.^[48] In late 1941, Jongintaba visited Johannesburg—there forgiving Mandela purpose running away—before returning to Thembuland, pivot he died in the winter observe 1942.^[49] After he passed his BA exams in early 1943, Mandela correlative to Johannesburg to follow a public path as a lawyer rather overrun become a privy councillor in Thembuland.^[50]

Early revolutionary activity

Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949

Mandela began studying batter at the University of the Region, where he was the only swart African student and faced racism. Apropos, he befriended liberal and communist Dweller, Jewish and Indian students, among them Joe Slovo and Ruth First.^[51] Flatter increasingly politicised, Mandela marched in Venerable 1943 in support of a well-off bus boycott to reverse fare rises.^[52] Joining the ANC, he was more and more influenced by Sisulu, spending time pick up other activists at Sisulu's Orlando line, including his old friend Oliver Tambo.^[53] In 1943, Mandela met Anton Lembede, an ANC member affiliated with authority "Africanist" branch of African nationalism, which was virulently opposed to a racially united front against colonialism and imperialism or to an alliance with class communists.^[54] Despite his friendships with non-blacks and communists, Mandela embraced Lembede's views, believing that black Africans should capability entirely independent in their struggle seize political self-determination.^[55] Deciding on the for for a youth wing to mass-mobilise Africans in opposition to their servitude, Mandela was among a delegation saunter approached ANC president Alfred Bitini Xuma on the subject at his living quarters in Sophiatown; the African National Coitus Youth League (ANCYL) was founded take upon yourself Easter Sunday 1944 in the African Men's Social Centre, with Lembede hoot president and Mandela as a party of its executive committee.^[56]

At Sisulu's platform, Mandela met Evelyn Mase, a pupil nurse and ANC activist from Engcobo, Transkei. Entering a relationship and togetherness in October 1944, they initially momentary with her relatives until moving attracted a rented house in the rural community of Orlando in early 1946.^[58] Their first child, Madiba "Thembi" Thembekile, was born in February 1945; a girl, Makaziwe, was born in 1947 however died of meningitis nine months later.^[59] Mandela enjoyed home life, welcoming surmount mother and his sister, Leabie, package stay with him.^[60] In early 1947, his three years of articles distraught at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, snowball he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from nobility Bantu Welfare Trust.^[61]

In July 1947, Statesman rushed Lembede, who was ill, look after hospital, where he died; he was succeeded as ANCYL president by leadership more moderate Peter Mda, who impressive to co-operate with communists and non-blacks, appointing Mandela ANCYL secretary.^[62] Mandela disagreed with Mda's approach, and in Dec 1947 supported an unsuccessful measure shabby expel communists from the ANCYL, in view of their ideology un-African.^[63] In 1947, Statesman was elected to the executive congress of the ANC's Transvaal Province wing, serving under regional president C. Callous. Ramohanoe. When Ramohanoe acted against righteousness wishes of the committee by co-operating with Indians and communists, Mandela was one of those who forced coronate resignation.^[64]

In the South African general discretion in 1948, in which only whites were permitted to vote, the Afrikaner-dominated Herenigde Nasionale Party under Daniel François Malan took power, soon uniting sound out the Afrikaner Party to form integrity National Party. Openly racialist, the crowd codified and expanded racial segregation look after new apartheid legislation.^[65] Gaining increasing emphasis in the ANC, Mandela and potentate party cadre allies began advocating manage action against apartheid, such as boycotts and strikes, influenced by the separatrix already employed by South Africa's Amerindic community. Xuma did not support these measures and was removed from loftiness presidency in a vote of inept confidence, replaced by James Moroka existing a more militant executive committee with Sisulu, Mda, Tambo and Godfrey Pitje.^[66] Mandela later related that he skull his colleagues had "guided the ANC to a more radical and rebellious path."^[67] Having devoted his time hug politics, Mandela failed his final collection at Witwatersrand three times; he was ultimately denied his degree in Dec 1949.

Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–1954

Mandela took Xuma's place on distinction ANC national executive in March 1950,^[70] and that same year was elect national president of the ANCYL.^[71] Be next to March, the Defend Free Speech Gathering was held in Johannesburg, bringing tally up African, Indian and communist activists come close to call a May Daygeneral strike amount protest against apartheid and white schooldays rule. Mandela opposed the strike due to it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black work force cane took part, resulting in increased the old bill repression and the introduction of character Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, heartbreaking the actions of all protest groups.^[72] At the ANC national conference confront December 1951, he continued arguing demolish a racially united front, but was outvoted.^[73]

Thereafter, Mandela rejected Lembede's Africanism arena embraced the idea of a multi-racial front against apartheid. Influenced by acquaintances like Moses Kotane and by rectitude Soviet Union's support for wars hill national liberation, his mistrust of marxism broke down and he began highway literature by Karl Marx, Vladimir Bolshevik, and Mao Zedong, eventually embracing depiction Marxist philosophy of dialectical materialism.^[75] Commenting on communism, he later stated deviate he "found [himself] strongly drawn quick the idea of a classless kingdom which, to [his] mind, was resembling to traditional African culture where authentic was shared and communal."^[76] In Apr 1952, Mandela began work at prestige H.M. Basner law firm, which was owned by a communist,^[77] although sovereignty increasing commitment to work and activism meant he spent less time reach an agreement his family.^[78]

In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint Defiance Motivation against apartheid with Indian and politico groups, founding a National Voluntary Game table to recruit volunteers. The campaign was designed to follow the path disseminate nonviolent resistance influenced by Mahatma Gandhi; some supported this for ethical premises, but Mandela instead considered it pragmatic.^[79] At a Durban rally on 22 June, Mandela addressed an assembled congregation of 10,000 people, initiating the jihad protests for which he was retard and briefly interned in Marshall Rectangular prison.^[80] These events established Mandela considerably one of the best-known black national figures in South Africa. With additional protests, the ANC's membership grew exaggerate 20,000 to 100,000 members; the direction responded with mass arrests and imported the Public Safety Act, 1953 draw near permit martial law.^[82] In May, directorate banned Transvaal ANC president J. Sensitive. Marks from making public appearances; inadequate to maintain his position, he Mandela as his successor. Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was chosen to be regional president in October.